A vacuum tube is an active electronic component that used to be commonly used in amplifiers and other electronic products.
In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or valve (British usage) or, colloquially, a tube (North America), is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.
The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode and is used for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.
Non-thermionic types, such as a vacuum phototube however, achieve electron emission through the photoelectric effect, and are used for such as the detection of light levels. In both types, the electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode by the electric field in the tube.
The simplest vacuum tube, the diode invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Current can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube allows the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the twentieth century. They were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital computers. Although some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter for radio or mechanical computers for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, and created the discipline of electronics.
In the 1940s the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, more efficient, reliable and durable, and cheaper than thermionic tubes. From the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were then being replaced with the transistor. However, the cathode-ray tube (CRT) remained the basis for television monitors and oscilloscopes until the early 21st century. Thermionic tubes still have some applications, such as the magnetron used in microwave ovens, certain high-frequency amplifiers, and amplifiers that audio enthusiasts prefer for their tube sound.
Not all electronic circuit valves/electron tubes are vacuum tubes. Gas-filled tubes are similar devices, but containing a gas, typically at low pressure, which exploit phenomena related to electric discharge in gases, usually without a heater.
Vacuum Tube - Description:
The earliest vacuum tubes evolved from incandescent light bulbs, containing a filament sealed in an evacuated glass envelope. When hot, the filament releases electrons into the vacuum, a process called thermionic emission, originally known as the "Edison Effect". A second electrode, the anode or plate, will attract those electrons if it is at a more positive voltage. The result is a net flow of electrons from the filament to plate. However, electrons cannot flow in the reverse direction because the plate is not heated and does not emit electrons. The filament (cathode) has a dual function: it emits electrons when heated; and, together with the plate, it creates an electric field due to the potential difference between them. Such a tube with only two electrodes is termed a diode, and is used for rectification. Since current can only pass in one direction, such a diode (or rectifier) will convert alternating current (AC) to pulsating DC. Diodes can therefore be used in a DC power supply, as a demodulator of amplitude modulated (AM) radio signals and for similar functions.
Early tubes used the filament as the cathode; this is called a "directly heated" tube. Most modern tubes are "indirectly heated" by a "heater" element inside a metal tube that is the cathode. The heater is electrically isolated from the surrounding cathode and simply serves to heat the cathode sufficiently for thermionic emission of electrons. The electrical isolation allows all the tubes' heaters to be supplied from a common circuit (which can be AC without inducing hum) while allowing the cathodes in different tubes to operate at different voltages. H. J. Round invented the indirectly heated tube around 1913.
The filaments require constant and often considerable power, even when amplifying signals at the microwatt level. Power is also dissipated when the electrons from the cathode slam into the anode (plate) and heat it; this can occur even in an idle amplifier due to quiescent currents necessary to ensure linearity and low distortion. In a power amplifier, this heating can be considerable and can destroy the tube if driven beyond its safe limits. Since the tube contains a vacuum, the anodes in most small and medium power tubes are cooled by radiation through the glass envelope. In some special high power applications, the anode forms part of the vacuum envelope to conduct heat to an external heat sink, usually cooled by a blower, or water-jacket.
Klystrons and magnetrons often operate their anodes (called collectors in klystrons) at ground potential to facilitate cooling, particularly with water, without high-voltage insulation. These tubes instead operate with high negative voltages on the filament and cathode.
Farnsworth is known far and wide as the real inventor of television. (The history of radio is rife with rip-off: Tesla by Marconi, Fessenden by de Forest, Barreter by de Forest, Armstrong by de Forest, Farnsworth by Sarnoff.)
A cold cathode tube? But where does that necessary “cloud of electrons” come from?
Conventional tube theory and the whole history of the amplifying tube’s development would have you believe that the only way electrical activity can be created in a vacuum is by “thermionic emission” from a hot cathode. (The same mythology prevails in traditional fluorescent lighting.) But Crookes didn’t use hot cathodes in his evacuated spheres and tubes, nor did Tesla in his vacuum lighting devices or in his “rotating brush” detector. Effects are achieved by disturbances within the tube caused by the application of alternating currents, usually of high potential, generated by induction coils or by high-frequency Tesla coils.
Farnsworth’s cold cathode multipactor amplifying and oscillating tubes were high-frequency inventions made for radio transmitting. Their range was 200 kHz to 60 MHz.
Says Farnsworth in his patent, “All that is necessary to set the tube into oscillation, is to energize the anodes, as there will be, in the space between the cathodes, a sufficient number of free electrons which are accelerated toward one or both of the cathodes by the potential of the anode, to strike thereon and cause the initiation of secondary emissions.”
Farnsworth said repeatedly in his patents that these devices are “over unity.” Regenerative feedback and resonant reinforcement appear to be involved. The fact this device works without a hot cathode implies that plenty of electric energy can be set free in a vacuum tube if it is properly stimulated. (Free-energy seekers take note!)
Perhaps the invention’s over unity potential explains why this novel tube never made it into manufacture, despite the fact that it liberated engineering from the problems of the old hot cathode. Did the invention just fall between the cracks like so many others? It did get a feature story in Radio Magazine (October 1934). Was the multipactor passed over because it was perceived as another “disruptive technology,” like the electric car?
Moray’s equipment is said to have contained a germanium diode which he built himself in the days before solid-state devices became readily available. The equipment was examined and tested many times. On dozens of occasions, he demonstrated the equipment driving a bank of twenty 150W bulbs, plus a 600W heater, plus a 575W iron (a total of 4.175 kW). The power picked up by this device needed only small diameter wires and had characteristics different from conventional electricity. One demonstration which was repeated many times, was to show that the output power circuit could be broken and a sheet of ordinary glass placed between the severed ends of the wire, without disrupting the supply. This type of power is called “Cold electricity” because thin wires carrying major power loads, do not overheat. This form of energy is said to flow in waves which surround the wires of a circuit and not actually through the wires at all. Unlike conventional electricity, it does not use electrons for transmission and that is why it can continue through a sheet of glass which would stop conventional electricity dead in its tracks.
On one occasion, Moray took his equipment away from all urban areas to a place chosen at random by a critic. He then set up the equipment and demonstrated the power output, well away from any man-generated electrical induction. He disconnected the aerial and showed that the power output stopped immediately. He connected the aerial again to generate the output as before. He then disconnected the earth connection which stopped the output again. When the earth wire was connected again, the output power returned. He found that the power output level fell somewhat at night. The aerial used in his demonstrations was reported to be like this:
From which it can be seen that even a relatively short aerial wire suspended not far from the ground, is capable of collecting substantial amounts of usable electrical power. The earth used in the remote demonstrations was a length of gas pipe which was hammered into the ground. It was noted that as each hammer blow drove the pipe deeper into the earth, the light bulbs (which formed the electrical load) shone more brightly, indicating that the quality of the earth connection is very important when serious power is being drawn from an aerial.
He developed various versions of the device, the latest of which did not need the aerial or earth connections, weighed 50 pounds and had an output of 50 kilowatts. This device was tested in both an aeroplane and a submarine, thus showing the device to be fully self-contained and portable. It was also tested in locations which were fully shielded from electromagnetic radiation.
With his later devices, Moray leaves the area of aerials and moves into the same category as Barbosa and Leal, those two Brazilian men extracting 192 kilowatts of power directly from the ground. If you read Moray’s book “The Sea of Energy in which the Earth Floats” (The Sea of Energy in which the Earth Floats) you will discover that Moray moved past the scientific thinking of his day, stating that the Earth is being bombarded with cosmic energy particles which cause atoms to change from matter into energy, enter the aether and there revert to matter again. This process is governed by frequency. Moray developed energy diodes which act like electrical diodes on the energy flow of the aether. He used a chain of these ‘tubes’. Each tube was tuned to one of the harmonics of the oscillating frequency of the aether. Each tube produced lower frequency waves and the following tube is tuned to those waves and is driven by a resonant harmonic of the aether oscillations, thus producing a device with no need of any power input from the user. Also, the aerial was replaced by a small, internal copper plate. So in true aerial mode – four kilowatts. In earth-only mode – 50 kilowatts. Moray’s ideas are supported by the work and books by Gustav Le Bon (The Evolution of Matter and The Evolution of Forces).
Moray was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt in his laboratory. This caused him to change the glass in his car to bullet-proof glass. He was threatened many times. His demonstration equipment was smashed with a hammer. When threats were made against his family, he stopped rebuilding his equipment and appeared to have turned his attentions to other things, producing a device for ‘therapeutic’ medical treatment.
In his book “The Energy Machine of T. Henry Moray”, Moray B. King provides more information on this system. He states that Moray was refused a patent on the grounds that the examiner couldn’t see how the device could output so much power when the valve cathodes were not heated. Moray was granted US Patent 2,460,707 on 1st February 1949 for an Electrotherapeutic Apparatus, in which he included the specification for the three valves used in his power device, apparently because he wanted them to be covered by a patent. As far as can be seen, the valve shown here is an oscillator tube. Moray claimed that this tube had the very high capacitance of 1 Farad when running at its resonant frequency. Moray liked to use powdered quartz as a dielectric in the capacitors which he made, and he had a habit of mixing in radium salts and uranium ores with the quartz. These materials may well be important in producing ionisation in these tubes and that ionisation may well be important in tapping the energy field.
The tube shown above has a six-layer capacitor formed from two U-shaped circular metal rings with the space between them filled with a dielectric material. The plates are shown in red and blue, while the dielectric is shown in green. Inside the capacitor, there is a separate ring of dielectric material (possibly made from a different material) and an inside ring of corrugated metal to form an ion brush-discharge electrode. The capacitor and electrode connections are taken to pins in the base of the tube.
Quartz is suggested for the material of the outer covering of the tube and the wire element numbered 79 in the diagram is said to be a heating element intended to be powered by a low-voltage current source. However, as Moray had an earlier patent application refused on the grounds that there was no heating element in his tubes, it is distinctly possible that the heating element shown here is spurious, and drawn solely to avoid rejection by the examiners. In his patent, Moray refers to the capacitor in this tube as a “sparking” capacitor, so he may have been driving it with excessively high voltages which caused repeated breakdown of the capacitor material.
The tube of Fig.16 above, uses a different technique where an X-ray tube is used to bombard a corrugated electrode through a screen containing an X-ray window. It is thought that a brief burst of X-rays was used to trigger very short, sharp bursts of ions between the anode and cathode of the tube and these pick up extra energy with every burst.
Practical guide ✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand The design includes: Harnessing electricity from the Earth: Neither is Schumann Resonance, nor is it known by Electromagnetism. It's The Sea of Energy in Which the Earth Floats Extract from ordinary electricity by the method called “fractionation.” Reverse Tesla coil - "Back to Back" mechanism Combination of radiant energy and negative resistance to amplify electricity Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator Note: 1. As early as 1904, Nicola Tesla, experimenting with AC currents of high potential and high frequency, said: "Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point in the universe... Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static, our hopes are in vain; if kinetic --- and this we know it is for certain --- then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature." 2. Harnessing cosmic energy is the most practical method yet discovered by man. Furthermore, it is possible to utilize this vast source of energy from the universe without a prime mover at any point on the earth --- on the ground, in the air, on the water, under the water, or even underground. If one considers that an electrical generator is not in the true sense a generator --- as electricity is not made by the generator --- but is merely an electrical pump, the Moray Radiant Energy device may then be referred to as a cosmic ray pump: that is, a high speed electron oscillator serving as a detector of cosmic radiations which causes a pumping action or surging within its circuitry.
An alternative version of this tube is shown in Fig.18 below. Here the construction is rather similar but instead of an X-ray window, a lens and reflector are used to cause the ionisation of the switching channel between the anode and cathode. In both tubes, the corrugated electrode supports a corona build-up just prior to the short X-ray switching pulse, and it is thought that the ions contribute to the intensity of the resulting pulses which emerge from the tube. Very short uni-directional pulses are capable of causing conditions under which additional energy can be picked up. From where does this extra energy come? In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell published his “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” and in it he pointed out that the vacuum contains a considerable amount of energy (Vol. 2, p. 472 and 473). John Archibald Wheeler of Princeton University, a leading physicist who worked on the US atomic bomb project, has calculated the flux density of the vacuum. Applying Einstein’s E=mC2 formula indicates that there is enough energy in every 1 cc of “empty” space, to create all of the matter in the visible universe which can be seen with our most powerful telescopes. That amount of energy is so great as to be beyond imagining. This energy field is referred to as “Universal Energy”, “Cosmic Energy” or “Zero Point Energy”. At this time, we do not have any instrument which responds directly to this energy and so it is almost impossible to measure.
The existence of this energy field is now widely accepted by mainstream science and it is borne out by the situation found at quantum levels. It is generally thought that this energy is chaotic in form and for useful energy to by drawn from it, it needs to be restructured into a coherent form. It appears that uni-directional electromagnetic pulses of one millisecond or less, can be used to cause the necessary restructuring as they generate an outward coherent wave of radiant energy, from which energy can be extracted for use in most electrical devices, if a suitable receptor system is used. Tom Bearden states that at the quantum level, the seething energy of this field appears continuously as positive and negative charges. As these are evenly distributed, the net charge at any point is always zero. If a “dipole” (two opposite charges near each other) is created anywhere, then it polarises the energy field disrupting the previously even distribution of charges and causing massive streams of energy to radiate outwards from the dipole.
A voltage pulse acts as a dipole, provided the voltage rise is fast enough, and that is what causes a wave of radiant energy fanning out from the location of the voltage pulse. Batteries and magnets create continuous dipoles and so cause the local quantum energy field to send out continuous streams of massive power which can be utilised if (and only if) you know how to do it. The search for mechanisms to capture and use even a tiny fraction of these energy streams is what the “free-energy” field of research is all about. Some people say that there is no such thing as “free-energy” because you have to pay for the device which captures it. That is like taking a bus trip to a car dealership where they are giving away new cars, and saying that your new car was not a “free” car because you had to pay a bus fare to reach the car dealership.
Moray King suggests that the circuit used by Thomas Henry Moray was as follows:
There can be little doubt that Thomas Henry Moray built several versions of his apparatus, each of which produced output power well in excess of any input power needed. It seems highly likely that most of them used no input power whatsoever, and if there were any others, they will have been powered by a tiny fraction of the output power. If mild radioactive material was used as described, then the output power could in no way be attributed to that source alone, since the output power was thousands of time greater than any power available from the radioactive materials.
It is perhaps time to explain a little more about, voltage, power and current. We have been raised with the notion that it is necessary to “burn” a fuel to get power, that batteries “run down” when used and that you have to keep turning the shaft of an electrical generator to be able to draw current from it. These things are not actually true. The relatively recent field of Quantum Mechanics shows that if a charge, such as an electron has, is positioned in what is supposed to be “empty” space, it is not alone. The “empty” space is actually seething with energy, to the extent that “virtual” particles are popping into existence for a fraction of a second and then disappearing again. They are called “virtual” because they exist for such a short time.
Because of the negative charge of the electron, the particles appearing and disappearing around it will all be positive in charge. The electron has “polarised” the space around itself because it has a charge. The instant that a positive “virtual” particle appears, there are two charges near each other - minus on the electron and plus on the particle. When you have two opposite charges near each other, they form a “dipole”. Dipoles form a gateway through which energy from the environment flows continuously. An instant later, the particle disappears, but it’s place is immediately taken by another virtual particle. The result is a continuous stream of energy flowing out from the dipole.
Batteries with their positive and negative terminals are electrical dipoles, so too are generators when the input shaft is spun. Permanent magnets with their North and South poles are magnetic dipoles. Both of these have continuous streams of energy flowing through them. So, why then do batteries run down and lose their charge? The reason is that we power circuits using a closed loop. The energy flowing out of one terminal flows into the opposite terminal and instantly destroys the dipole. A new dipole has to be created every split second if the circuit is to deliver power, and it is that self-destructive method of use which causes the battery to discharge or which needs the generator shaft to be rotated continuously.
If a different operating technique is used, where the dipole is not continuously destroyed, then devices which can provide a continuous stream of energy drawn from our natural environment can be constructed. This is not magic, just the next step in conventional science and engineering. Thomas Henry Moray managed it, initially with an aerial and earth like a crystal set to provide the dipole, his device was able to draw many kilowatts of power from the environment. No fuel was needed, the energy is already there surrounding us all, all of the time. As far as I am aware, nobody has managed to replicate Moray’s device (which was the reason for it being violently suppressed) but knowing that it existed and was repeatedly demonstrated to work perfectly well, is useful in that it shows that it is possible to tap the massive zero-point energy field with a practical, home-constructed device.
Here is a collection of additional items of information gathered from several different sources:
Moray started his experiments with 'the taking of electricity from the ground', as he described it, during the summer of 1909. By autumn 1910 he had sufficient power to operate a small electrical device, and demonstrated his idea to two friends. The early stages of this demonstration consisted of operating a miniature arc light. It soon became clear to him that the energy was not static and that the static of the universe would be of no assistance to him in obtaining the power for which he was searching.
During the Christmas Holidays of 1911, he began to realise fully, that the energy with which he was working, was of an oscillating nature. He also realised that the energy was not coming out of the earth, but instead, was coming to the earth from some outside source. These electrical oscillations in the form of waves were not simple oscillations, but were surging like the waves of the sea, coming continually to the earth but more in the daytime than at night, but always arriving as vibrations from the reservoir of colossal energy out there in space. By this time Moray was able to gather enough power to light a 16-candlepower carbon lamp to about a half of it's capacity, but he did not manage to gain any further improvement until the spring of 1925.
In 1912 Moray was called to go on a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and under a visitor's visa was allowed to enter Sweden during the Exhibition of 1912 in Stockholm. In his notebook, dated November 1, 1913, he included a note saying that he had obtained material from a railroad car at Abisco, Sweden the previous summer, also some more material from the side of a hill. He made electric tests of these materials, taking them home to try each as a detector for his energy machine. Tests indicated that this soft, white stone-like substance might make a good "valve-like detector". This "valve-like detector" is what led him to do research into semi-conductive materials, and from this soft white stone he developed his first valve and the valve which was used in some of his early Radiant Energy devices (silver wire touching a stone can act as a rectifier).
Moray demonstrated that energy was available by its actions on a resistive load, such as a flat-iron or a space heater, and by lighting bulbs. A resistive device acts as a load which is directly proportional to the amount of energy delivered to it. In heating a heater, or lighting a bulb, the number of watts produced can be calculated as equal to the number of watts provided to the device. This energy is fed into a load to give either heat, light, or power. A motor can be operated but it must be designed to run on a high frequency power supply. The Radiant Energy device used an antenna and a ground connected to his solid state Radiant Energy circuit:
The diagram shown above is reproduced from a rough sketch drawn from memory after seeing Moray's circuit diagram. The person who drew it does not understand how the circuit works, so please treat this diagram as being just an overall suggestion as to what Moray's circuit might have been like. It is actually much more likely that is was a cascade of pairs of tank circuits containing Moray's valve, each pair being one series tank circuit followed by one parallel tank circuit, the oscillating frequency dropping with each tank pair and the output power rising with each tank pair. Moray's circuit was started oscillating by stroking the U-shaped coil with a permanent magnet for a few seconds, and when the circuit started operating, then switch 'S' was closed, effectively removing the U-shaped coil from the circuit.
Moray was able to demonstrate that none of the output energy came from within his device. Internally the device was electrically dead when it had not been connected and tuned to the antenna. When his device was set up, he could connect it to an antenna and ground, and by priming it first and then tuning it as he primed it, the device would draw in electrical energy. This high frequency electrical energy produced up to 250,000 volts and it powered a brighter light than witnesses had ever seen before. Heavy loads could be connected to the device without dimming the lights already connected to it. This device worked many miles from any known source of electrical energy such as power transmission lines or radio signals. The device produced up to 50,000 watts of power and worked for long periods of time.
Moray initially assumed that this energy was electromagnetic in nature however, he never claimed that it was. He assumed at first that this energy came from the earth but later he believed it was flowing in from the universe. Finally he began to believe that it was present throughout all space, intermolecular space as well as terrestrial and celestial space. He did not necessarily understand how his detectors operated, only that if he built the device very carefully according to his calculations it would work. He was able to demonstrate the existence of an energy that today, though it has not been identified or proven, has been theorised by many researchers.
The largest instrument was about 6 inches high, circular in shape and about 8 inches in diameter. We went out on the roof of the chicken coop carrying the device on a small drafting board, erected an antenna upon the roof of the coop, the antenna being about 100 feet from the house. We pulled the main line switches in the house before going out upon the roof. Mr Judd had Moray move the drafting board from place to place and he also examined the inside of the coop for hidden equipment. The machine was then assembled in his presence and the device was started. Mr Judd timed me to see how long it would take to bring get the light operating. I was able to light the CGE lamp to its full brightness and to heat an old-style Hotpoint electric flat iron to sizzling point, which required 655 watts. Mr Judd asked for the antenna to be disconnected. When this was done, the light went out. The aerial was connected again and the light reappeared. We drove a new grounding rod at a spot selected by Mr Judd, made a connection to the new grounding point and the light burned dim, but came brighter and brighter as the new grounding rod was driven deeper and deeper into the ground.
If the ground or antenna is left disconnected for too long a time, the device becomes electrically dead and must be retuned in order to regain the energy flow. Dr Eyring found no fault with the demonstration and the worst that he could say about it was that it might be induction, but that if Moray would take the device out in the mountains away from all power lines, a distance of three or four miles, and it then operated, he would then acknowledge that it could not be induction and that his theory was wrong.
At last they decided to go up Emigration Canyon, as there are no power lines in that canyon. All three gentlemen were very well satisfied and pleased with what they saw. The antenna wire was put up without any aid or instructions whatever from Mr Moray, except that he suggested that the wire be stretched tighter to prevent so much sag at the centre. This was done and the wire then appeared to clear the ground by about 7 or 8 feet at its lowest point. The ground pipe was of half-inch water pipe consisting of two sections. The lower section was pointed at the end to make its driving into the creek bed easy. It was about 6 feet long and after being driven down about 5 feet the second section, which was about 4 feet long, was screwed on with a wrench and the pipe driven further down until it struck a hard object, so about 7 feet of pipe was in the ground.
The antenna wire was insulated from the poles with two glass insulators about 6 inches long and having holes in both ends. A piece of wire about 2 feet long connected each insulator with the pole. The lead-in wire was fastened to the antenna wire at a point about 10 or 15 feet from the east pole. I helped Mr Moray solder the connection. I paced the distance between the two antenna poles and estimated it to be 87 feet. Mr Moray's equipment, apart from the antenna and ground wires, consisted of a brown box about the size of a butter box, another slightly smaller unpainted box, a fibre board box about 6" x 4" x 4", which Mr Moray referred to as containing the tubes, and a metal baseboard about 14" x 4" x 1" containing what appeared to be a magnet at one end, a switch near the middle and a receptacle for an electric light bulb at the other end. There were also several posts for connecting wires on the baseboard.
When all of the wires were connected and everything was ready, Mr Moray began tuning in. Before tuning, he placed the key on the post: he said it would be in contact while the light burnt, but no light appeared. The tuning consisted of stroking the end of a magnet across two metal projections protruding from what I referred to above as being 'a magnet'. After tuning for slightly more than 10 minutes the key was put on the operating post and the light appeared immediately. Mr Moray put the key on the operating post two or three times before during the tuning operation but no light appeared. We allowed the light to burn for 15 minutes. In my opinion, the brilliance of the light coming from the 100-watt bulb, was about 75% as bright as a 100-watt bulb connected to an ordinary house socket. It was an steady light, without fluctuations of any kind.
While the light was burning Mr Moray disconnected the antenna lead-in wire from the apparatus and the light went out. He connected it again and the light appeared. He also disconnected the ground wire and the light went out. He then connected it and the light appeared again.
In another demonstration, Mr Moray opened the device and let everyone see everything except one small part that he placed his hand over and hid in his fist. This part he cut off and put in his vest pocket. Everything else, people were allowed to examine to their hearts' content. "If that part is able to make such power itself, then it's some device and worth selling. Such a battery would be worthwhile", were some of the remarks made.
On several occasions Dr Moray would disconnect the antenna wire momentarily, but not long enough to lose the light. In disconnecting and connecting the antenna wire a flash of electricity could always be seen at the
At a demonstration in 1928, the aerial used was about 200 feet long and positioned about 80 feet above the ground: the wire is a copper cable approximately a quarter of an inch in diameter, and well insulated. The earth connection used was the water pipe in the basement of Dr Moray's home. The device was assembled in a trunk through the sides of which were holes for the connections to ground and to the antenna and for observation; the holes were about one-half inch in diameter. There were two boxes about 10 by 20 by 4 inches, one on top of the other; both were closed and the covers fastened with screws. On the upper box was lying an insulating panel about an inch thick by 15 inches long and 3 inches wide; it was made of slate or hard rubber or some material of similar appearance. On this were two binding posts which could be connected together by a small switch; also mounted on this panel was an object about 2.5 inches square, wrapped in friction tape, from which protrude two poles about 1/4-inch in diameter, apparently of sift iron. Two light bulb sockets were connected in the circuit. In one of these there was a 20-watt bulb, and in the other a 100 watt bulb.
Dr Moray then took a magnet, which was a very broad, short limbed U, and began to stroke one pole of it on the poles in the taped body. Mr Jensen placed his fingers on the binding posts several times, and at last received a rather vigorous shock. Mr Moray then threw the switch and the bulbs lit up. As a further proof that the conversion of the energy was due to the mechanism in the box, Dr Moray hit the table on which the trunk was standing, a moderate blow with a hammer whereupon the light flickered and went off, due to the detector being shaken out of adjustment. The boxes, in which the mechanism had been housed during the test, were opened and the contents examined. There were capacitors, the detector, a transformer, and two tubes in them but nothing else. Nothing that in the least resembled a battery.
It is to be noted that after a total run of 158 hours the device supplied 635 watts; inasmuch as a horsepower is but 746 watts this equals 0.878 of a horsepower or slightly more than 7/8 horsepower. This alone is sufficient to dispose of any suggestion of a battery.
A report from 1929 says: It is now more than 2 years since I first became acquainted with Dr T. H. Moray and the work he is carrying on, and in that time he has demonstrated inventive ability of an exceptional order. Perhaps the most wonderful of his inventions is a device whereby he is able to draw electric power from an antenna. This energy is not derived by induction from power lines, as has been suggested by some, nor is it derived from radio stations, as has been demonstrated by taking the apparatus more than 26 miles from the nearest power line and over a hundred miles from the nearest radio station and showing that it operates just as well as anywhere else.
This device was subjected to an endurance test in which it was operated continuously for a week, and at the end of that time a 100-watt lamp was lighted simultaneously with the heating of a 575 watt standard Hotpoint flat iron, making a total of 675 watts; it is very evident that no batteries could sustain such a drain as this.
He has also invented a very sensitive sound detector whereby it is possible to hear conversations carried on in an ordinary tome of voice at a distance of several blocks. He has also worked out numerous radio hook-ups which eliminate many of the parts now considered necessary for good reception, yet there is no diminution in quality or volume; in fact, there is a notable elimination of interference from static when some of these are used. He has devised a means by which he is able to measure with some degree of accuracy the energy evolved during mental activity; that is, he gets definite, variable deflections of the needle of a sensitive galvanometer which appeared to be related to the vigour of mental activity. There are a great many other equally remarkable things which he has done, such as reducing old rubber from truck tires to the state of a viscous fluid which is readily vulcanisable without the addition of smoke sheet as is necessary with other processes; also a high frequency therapeutic device, and numerous other devices which show great ingenuity.
The 6 lamps are set up in parallel and a small diameter wire is used as the current enters the tube prior to and connecting with the step-down transformer, this takes the very high voltage to the transformer. This voltage will jump across a spark gap of at least six inches. The operating frequency is so high that I have no instrument in my laboratory that is able to measure the amperage or the voltage at this frequency. (Signed, Murray O. Hayes, PhD.).
Dr Milton Marshall was attempting to identify the material that Moray called his "Swedish Stone". Moray described the radio detector which he had developed. He compared it to what was commonly known as the crystal of a crystal set. However, his detector was superior since it could drive a loudspeaker without the use of a battery. He used the most easily demonstrated device, the germanium diode, that worked on the same principle to illustrate how he thought the Radiant Energy Detector worked (Moray originally built the radio simply for the purpose of showing how he was able to pick up radio signals with a solid-state device, producing sufficiently strong signals which could drive a loudspeaker, which was something unheard of in that day. His circuit did not have batteries, and it was very similar to the old crystal-set circuitry.
The device was housed in a wooden box something like 12" by 18", with an antenna and a ground going into it. Wires leading out of the box led to a bank of some forty 100-watt light bulbs and to an electric iron. Moray touched a switch at the top of the box with a hand electrostatic plate and the globes all lit up brilliantly. We all noted that the bulbs burned cold except each had a hot spot about the size of a dime on the top slightly off centre. I also recall that I could turn the lights on and off by approaching and retreating to and from the device, either with my whole body or my hand. If my memory is clear, the machine had to be tuned with a dial to be placed in this condition. (Chester M. Todd, 1971)
In 1938, after examining the transformer of the device, Mr E. G. Jensen stated that he considered that the amount of current which he had seen taken from the device was positive proof that the current developed by or in the machine was different to any in use at that time. This was because the transformer would have burned out if it had been carrying normal current, but the transformer showed no signs of even ever having been warm. He was informed by Dr Hayes that the transformer had been in use under the same loading conditions during many demonstrations in the past.
The "Number 1" capacitor consisted of two small sheets of aluminium of about 30 gauge, separated by and making contact with a piece of one-quarter inch thick plate glass. The plate glass was larger than the aluminium sheets and overlapped them.
The "Number 2" capacitor was a commercial unit manufactured by Igred Condenser & Mfg. Co. and had a capacity of 0.025 mfd.
They were used as shown here:
With the 60 watt lamp and the two capacitors attached to the antenna and the antenna and ground attached to the box containing the Radiant Energy equipment as shown in the sketch, the 100-watt lamp on the secondary or output side was lighted. Unscrewing the 60-watt lamp from its socket caused the 100-watt amp to go out, but it immediately lighted when the 60-watt lamp was screwed into its socket again. The 60-watt lamp did not light. Shorting the antenna and ground by placing a wire across them, caused the 100-watt lamp to go out. Similar shorting with the hands also caused the 100-watt lamp to go out. No electricity could be felt when shorting with the hands. If either the ground or the antenna wires were disconnected from the box, the 100-watt lamp would go out. Neither of the capacitors or the 60-watt lamp on the primary side of the box were necessary but were simply put there to show that the high frequency power will jump or pass through them.
Moray's patent application on this device was filed in 1931 and rejected on a number of grounds. Firstly, "Because no means was provided for causing the cathode to emit an appreciable number of electrons, the current produced in the cathode by the antenna will not heat the cathode to a temperature at which an appreciable number of electrons per second are emitted". In other words, according to Thomas E. Robinson, Commissioner of Patents, a solid state device, such as a transistor, cannot possible work. Secondly, because "No natural source of electric wave energy is known to the Examiner and proof of the existence of such a source is required". In other words, it was not enough for Moray to demonstrate the effect of the energy source; he also had to identify it, which he could not do. None of the original patent applications that Henry made are any longer available at the US Patent Office. Although their file jackets are there, the contents and applications themselves are gone.
In 1942, Moray attempted to rebuild a Radiant Energy device, using the remaining bit of what was known as the "Swedish Stone". This material, which was the heart of his original RE detector, he had never managed to duplicate, and the shortage of this material limited the amount of power which he could draw. Consequently, in the large unit, he developed a second detector that forced him into extensive research involving nuclear materials and radioactive reactions. He became deeply involved in the study of synthetic radioactivity as described by Gustave LeBon in his book "The Evolution of Matter". The years slipped by and Moray spent most of his time working on what he called the "counter-balance" to eliminate the need for an aerial antenna.
Moray said:
Enough energy is coming to the earth to light over 1,693,600 100-watt lamps for every human being on the earth today. No fuel of any kind need be taken as this energy can be picked-up directly by ocean liners, railroads, airplanes, automobiles, or any form of transportation. Heat, light and power can be made available for use in all kinds of buildings and for all kinds of machinery. An example would be to pump water onto the desert lands, the power source being only a fraction of the weight of any steam plant or any kind of engine in use today and all this at a fraction of the current cost.
The total energy involved in "cosmic" radiations is very large. The mechanism of its generation involves a basic relationship with the total structure and action of the universe. Today it is believed that cosmic radiation consists primarily of protons and some heavier nuclei. At times this cosmic energy packs a wallop of around 100 quadrillion volts. Coming continuously with slight variations in time, the radiations have a uniformly directional isotropy. The earth is, therefore, surrounded in an atmosphere of radiation with cosmic rays coming continually to the earth from all directions, although there may be a slight deflection of the weaker rays by the earth's magnetic field. There is every indication that our sun is not the source of any appreciable amount of this radiation. The origin, therefore, is from the universe as a whole. The total energy of cosmic radiation is more than the entire luminous output of all the stars and nebulae of the universe combined. Unlimited power is being delivered to everyone's doorstep.
The Moray Radiant Energy discovery, using radiations from the cosmos as its power source, gives the greatest amount of energy per pound of equipment of any system known to man. Electrical power through an electric motor or an electric jet far exceeds any form of energy in any engine in the delivery of power. There is no dead centre of lost motion in an electric motor nor loss of push in an electric jet. Also, the starting torque is much higher in the electrically powered engine than in the combustion engine.
Harnessing cosmic energy is the most practical method yet discovered by man. Furthermore, it is possible to utilise this vast source of energy from the universe without a prime mover at any point on the earth --- on the ground, in the air, on the water, under the water, or even underground. If one considers that an electrical generator is not in the true sense a generator - as electricity is not made by the generator - but is merely an electrical pump, the Moray Radiant Energy device may then be referred to as a cosmic ray pump: that is, a high speed electron oscillator serving as a detector of cosmic radiations which causes a pumping action or surging within its circuitry.
To account for the propagation of heat and light - two of the forms of Radiant Energy - man has postulated the existence of a medium filling all space. But, the transference of the energy of radiant heat and light is not the only evidence in favour of the existence of such a medium. Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic phenomena and gravitation itself point in the same direction.
Attractions and repulsion take place between electrified bodies, magnets, and circuits conveying electric currents. Large masses may be set in motion in this manner, acquiring kinetic energy. If an electric current is started in any circuit, corresponding induced currents spring up in all very closely neighbouring conductors. To originate a current in any conductor requires the expenditure of energy. How, then, is the energy propagated from the circuit to the conductors? If we believe in the continuity of the propagation of energy - that is, is we believe that when it disappears at one place and reappears at another it must have passed through the intervening space and, therefore, have existed there somehow in the meantime - we are forced to postulate a vehicle for its conveyance form place to place.
When a particle is electrified, what one must first observe is that a certain amount of energy has been spent; work has been done. The result is an electrified state of the particle. The process of electrifying a conductor is, therefore, the storing of energy in some way in or around the conductor in some medium. The work is spent in altering the state of the medium, and when the particle is discharged, the medium returns to its original state, and the store of energy is disengaged. Similarly, a supply of energy is required to maintain an electric current, and the phenomenon arising from the current are manifestations of the presence of this energy in the medium around the circuit. It used to be that an electrified particle or body was supposed to have something called "electricity" residing upon it which caused electrical phenomena. An electric current was regarded as a flow of electricity travelling along a wire (for example), and the energy which appeared at any part of a circuit (if considered at all) was supposed to have been conveyed along the wire by the current. But, the existence of induction and electromagnetic interactions between bodies situated at a distance from each other leads one to look upon the medium around the conductors as playing a very important part in the development of these electrical phenomena. In fact, it is the storehouse of the energy.
It is upon this basis that Maxwell founded his theory of electricity and magnetism, and determined the distribution of the energy in the various parts of an electric field in terms of electric and magnetic forces. The medium around an electrified body is charged with energy and not of an imaginary electric fluid distributed over the electrified body or conductor. When we speak of the charge of an electrified conductor we are referring to the charge of energy in the medium around it, and when we talk of the electric flow or current in the circuit we are referring to the only flow we know of, namely, the flow of energy through the electric field within the wire.
The work in producing the electrification of a conductor is spent on the medium and stored there, probably as energy of motion. To denote this we shall say that the medium around the conductor is polarised, this word being employed to denote that its state or some of its properties have been altered in some manner and to a certain extent depending on the intensity of the charge. If the charge is negative the polarisation is in the opposite sense, the two being related, perhaps, like right-handed and left-handed twists or rotations.
Now consider the case of a body charged alternately, positively and negatively in rapid succession. The positive charge means a positive polarisation of the medium, which begins at the conductor and travels out through space. When the body is discharged the medium is once more set free and resumes its former condition. The negative charge now induces a modification of the medium or polarisation in the opposite sense. The result of alternate charges of opposite sign is that the medium at any point becomes polarised alternately in opposite directions, while waves of opposite polarisations are propagated through space, each carrying energy derived from the source or agent supplying the electrification. Here, then, we have a periodic disturbance of some king occurring at each point, accompanied by waves of energy travelling outwards from the conductor.
The phenomenon of interference leads to the conclusion that light is the result of periodic disturbances or vibrations of the medium, but as to the nature of these vibrations, as to the exact nature of the periodic changes or what it is that changes them, we possess no knowledge. We know that alternating electric charges are accompanied by corresponding changes of state or vibrations of the medium, and if the charge is varied periodically and with sufficient rapidity, we have a vibration at each point analogous to, perhaps identical with, that which occurs in the propagation of light - a combination of wave and particle properties. This then is the electromagnetic theory of the luminous vibration.
In the older elastic-solid theory, the light vibrations were supposed to be actual oscillations of the elements or molecules of the medium about their positions of rest, such as takes place when waves of transverse disturbance are propagated through an elastic solid. Such limitation is unwarranted to some extent, but one cannot afford to entirely disregard the particle theory of light either. A combination of the theories has merit. We know that the change, disturbance, vibration, polarisation, or whatever we wish to term it, is periodic and transverse to the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic theory teaches us nothing further as to its nature, but rather asserts that whatever the charge may be, it is the same in kind as that which occurs in the medium when the charge of an electrified body is altered or reversed. It reduces light and heat waves to the same category as waves of electrical polarisation. The only quality of the later required to constitute the former is sufficient rapidity of alteration. These speculations were given the strongest confirmation by experiments of Prof. Hertz many years ago.
When a resilient substance is subjected to strain and then set free, one of two things may happen. The substance may slowly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state, or the elastic recoil may carry it past its position of equilibrium and cause it to execute a series of oscillations. Something of the same sort may also occur when an electrified capacitor is discharged. In ordinary language, there may be a continuous flow of electricity in one direction until the discharge is completed, or an oscillating discharge may occur. That is, the first flow may be succeeded by a backrush, as if the first discharge had overrun itself and something like recoil had set in. The capacitor thus becomes more or less charged again in the opposite sense, and a second discharge occurs, accompanied by a second backrush, the oscillation going on until all the energy is either completely radiated or used up in heating the conductors or performing other work.
When capacitors are filled with energy captured by the Moray Radiant Energy device and then discharged through a circuit of proper impedance, reactance and inductance, thereby synchronising the oscillation of the device with those of the universe, electrical inertia is set up. In the reversal of the current, the capacitors are charged, discharged and recharged slowly until the energy stored in them is radiated in kinetic energy through the device, and this energy can be kept alive indefinitely by establishing resonance with the oscillations of the universe.
Considering oscillations from a mechanical, electrical and mathematical point of view, we find that electrical resistance is the same as mechanical friction and current is comparable to mechanical velocity. Inertia and inductance may then be considered analogous terms. In mechanics the greater the inertia of a body, the longer it will stay in motion. In the Radiant Energy device's resistance-inductance-capacity (REC or RLC) circuit, the greater the electrical inductance, the longer the current continues to flow once it is established by synchronisation with cosmic surges.
Expressed mathematically, the equations are the same for electrical or mechanical phenomena. Which means, that R < square root(4L / C), where R is the resistance in ohms, L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farads. When this is true, an oscillatory discharge will occur and a very powerful inductance inertia will assert itself. For low values of R, the frequency of the oscillations can be shown by f = 1/2 x pi x square root(CL). The rapidity of the oscillations is governed by the capacitance and inductance.
In the vibrational forces of the universe, we find the key to the source of all energy. How we can utilise this energy for modern industry without being limited to mechanical prime movers is the question. And, the answer may be an energy generator, balanced so as to oscillate in synchronisation with the oscillations of the universe.
Dr Ross Gunn, a civilian scientist for the US Navy, stated years ago that the earth is a huge generator, generating over 200 million amperes of electric current continuously. For example, the aurora borealis is considered to be a very large definite electrical phenomenon produced by the passage of electric charges through the rarefied gases of the higher atmosphere. The earth has since been shown, by Dr Gunn and others, to have a negative charge amounting to 400,000 coulombs. Yet, six feet above the ground the air is charged with more than +200 volts with respect to the ground.
It is known that air conducts electricity away from charged objects. This being true, how does the earth maintain its charge since it is a charged object exposed to the surrounding atmosphere? If the air conducts electricity, the earth's charge must be constantly passing into the atmosphere. And it has been calculated that the earth has a continuous discharge into the atmosphere of 1,800 amperes. At this rate, the earth should lose 90% of its charge into the air in one hour, yet the earth's charge does not diminish. From where does the earth's energy come?
The conversion of matter to energy in the stars is accepted, and, reasoning from what occurs in radioactive disintegration during which energy waves are radiated, one may conclude that energy waves of very high frequency are sent out from the stars (one of which is our sun). Now, of course, the conversion of energy into matter must equally be accepted.
It has been found that ionisation, which could be the medium for the flow of energy, increases with increasing altitude, instead of decreasing as would be expected. Since the source of energy is the universe, the generation of energy by rotary action and by all prime movers is an effect and not a cause. Oscillatory energy action, be it in a Leyden jar, another man-made capacitor, or in what we may call natural capacitors, always behaves the same. The oscillations will continue until they have reach their cycle of height and then there will be a backrush returning to where the oscillations originated. Every oscillation, whether large or small, is completed during the same interval of time. These oscillations all prove the same great fact, that they are governed by the same cycle of time, completed during the same interval of time. Waves of energy have a regular beat note, coming and going as the waves of the sea, but in a very definite mathematical order - coming to the earth from every direction with a definite rhythm.
Energy has a definite elastic or resilient rigidity and density, which is subject to displacement and strain. When strain is removed, the medium will spring back to its old position and beyond, surging back and forth, and will continue to oscillate until the original pressure is used up. If the internal impedance is too great, there will be no oscillations, but it will merely slide back in a dead beat to its unrestrained state.
By cutting down resistance to a minimum and synchronising the resilient ionic actions of the Moray device with the wave actions of the universe, periods of oscillation can be made to come quicker and quicker until inertia asserts itself, thus lengthening out the time of final recovery. This is done by carrying the recoil beyond the natural oscillations and prolonging the vibrations by capturing the in oscillatory action. When the recovery becomes distinctly oscillatory, a harmonic pattern is initiated and the oscillations continue, resonance thereby being established with the universe.
In the universe we see the same laws being obeyed as in our laboratories. As one traces down to the almost infinitesimal constituents of the atom, one finds that matter does not exist at all as the realistic substance which we have supposed it to be. There at the very foundation, it consists of nothing more than energy charges emitted at various wavelengths or frequencies. It is becoming more and more certain that the apparent complexity of nature is due to our lack of knowledge. And, as the picture unfolds, it promises a marvellous simplicity.
One of the most marvellous relationships that has ever been revealed in the entire science of physics is that between light and electricity and the existence of electronics in atoms of matter. Knowing what we do at the present time with regard to the structure of atoms, this relationship is not quite so surprising. However, considering the total absence of this knowledge about a half century ago, the discovery that light, and radiation in general, are vibratory phenomena was revolutionary.
Speaking of radiation, "Radiant" here means proceeding from a centre in straight lines in every direction. Energy is internal and inherent. "Energy" is defined as a condition of matter, by virtue of which, any definite portion may affect changes in any other definite portion. This was written in 1892, and discoveries since confirm it. Energy then is a state of matter, or rather, the result of a particular state or condition in which matter may be when any observed phase of energy appears.
In addition to possessing kinetic energy, the atom is capable of absorbing energy internally. This internal energy is associated with the configuration of the particles of which the atom is composed. Under ordinary conditions an atom is in what is known as a state of equilibrium, in which there is neither a giving off, nor an absorbing of energy. But, the internal energy of the atom can be altered. When the internal energy of the atom exceeds that of its normal state it is said to be excited. Excitations may be caused in several ways, e.g., the collision of an atom with rapidly moving positive or negative particles or the breaking of lines of force in an electromagnetic generator. Kinetic energy is released when excitation causes a particle to give up some or all of its kinetic energy to the atom during collisions. This is taking place in the universe all the time.
The electric motor and generator would never have been discovered if a dielectric (insulator) had not been discovered. If one discovers a dielectric valve for the energy of the universe, one has the answer to harnessing the energy of the universe! A limiting case of excitation is ionisation, wherein energy is absorbed by the atom sufficiently to allow a loosely bound electron to leave the atom, against the electrostatic forces which tend to hold it within the atom. An atom which has given up one or more electrons is said to be ionised. It is possible that ionisation, i.e., excitation, may take place in successive steps through absorption of quanta energy. The return of an ionised atom to a state of lower energy is associated with electromagnetic radiation. Also, from the process of ionisation, electrical energy may become associated with the vibrational forces of the universe coming into the earth as cosmic radiation. The higher the frequency, the greater the ionisation or excitation, a form of energy which is kinetic in nature. There are tremendous energies coming to the earth from outer space. These energies are only different manifestations of the energies we see in operation all around us. In most cases we are not even aware of their existence. They penetrate everything including our own bodies. Every one of us is alive by virtue of these energies. Every part and particle of the universe is alive with them. The generators that now furnish our electric power do not create or originate any power or electricity; they merely direct, pump, the existing energy or electricity.
As in musical notes of high and low "C", the vibrational rates (frequencies) are different, but all "C" notes are essentially the same (harmonically related). This is the foundation upon which much of my investigation of vibratory phenomena is based.
It has been agreed that all forms of matter are vibrating at a particular rate or frequency. And, so it is with the various forms of energy - heat and light, magnetism and electricity. These are but forms of vibratory motion connected with and being generated from the same source, the universe. Matter vibrates at a particular rate, according to its character, and may be transmitted into other substance by lowering or raising its rate of frequency. If the frequency is raised high enough, the molecules will separate and the atoms become free. Raising the frequency still higher, the atoms resolve themselves into their original components. Matter then becomes a form of energy. Frequencies may be developed which will balance the force of gravity to a point of neutralisation. One can then go beyond the force of gravitation. Understanding the principles of vibration is truly understanding energy.
In gamma rays, we find potentials which are equivalent to as much as 1,000,000 volts, yet their wave lengths are not the shortest known. In octaves still higher there are rays which are known as "cosmic rays". Who can draw a definite line and say how much higher other octaves exist than those knows as the cosmic rays? Our starting point from the discovery of these different waves was electrical conductivity of the air, and it has been found that this conductivity is just as strong by night as by day. Radiations emitted by the sun can scarcely be the sole cause of this energy. All space is saturated with vibration, energies, which are no doubt electrical in character. The relation of matte to energy and energy to matter then becomes the potential of the universe - one continuous series of oscillations.
Atoms maintain an equilibrium by oscillations, rotations, attractions and repulsions, but this does not interfere with a transformation of equilibrium, which, when the transformations of equilibrium are rapid enough, become energy, i.e., matter is turning into energy and energy into matter.
There can be no generation of electrical current and no kinetic energy if there is no disturbance of equilibrium, i.e., change of potential or change of energy levels. When one thinks of the oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air all about us moving with the speed of bullets and striking us and everything else at this speed, one can form some idea of the agitation taking place here and in the universe.
The oscillations from outer space are emitting electromagnetic waves of many wavelengths and frequencies. The Moray device is so constructed that the frequency is very much lower on the secondary side than on the primary side, and almost complete resonance is established. I am convinced that the energies from the universe are active radiations produced by the evolution of matter into energy and energy into matter.
Dr Anderson's cloud chamber at the California Institute of Technology, in which the positron was discovered, has furnished much information about cosmic ray energies. He found that some positrons are born of cosmic rays smashing into matter. The cosmic ray energies deduced from the tracks left in the Anderson cloud chamber range from 100 volts to 3,000,000,000 volts. The Lemaitre-Vallarts theory, together with Dr Johnson's asymmetry measurements, give definite values for the energy of half of the cosmic radiation, and shows it continuously distributed between 5 billion and 50 billion volts.
The figure of 100 billion volts is a result of Dr W. Kolhorster's measurement of penetrating radiation in the depths of the Strassfurt salt mines. He found that the minimum energy of these rays had a penetration which was greater than ever before demonstrated. Dr Axel Corlin of Sweden's Lund Observatory found radiation that still had energy after passing through somewhat greater depths and, therefore, the voltage figures can be made even higher. Energies of 100 billion volts or more are indicated by the great bursts set off by cosmic ray collisions, called the stosse, which have been observed particularly in Germany. The Moray RE devices have worked equally well in deep mines, under water or high in the mountains and in an airplane.
It is about 100 years since science began to consider light, heat, magnetism, galvanism, and electricity as natural forces. In the early part of the 19th century school books termed these things "imponderable substances". The corpuscle theory of light was taught, the sun was supposed to provide an endless supply of those corpuscles. After the corpuscle theory faded, scientists turned to the wave theory, but even that was based on a crude concept of movement of the ultimate principles or atoms, of matter. The electron theory has superseded the earlier ones now, and while the electron theory explains the observed and theoretical "facts" better than the previous concepts did, could it be that, as the greater light of knowledge leads us on, the electron theory in turn will fall short of providing "absolute" knowledge? The Einstein Theory may stand in need of revision or amendment; or, in time, it may join the theories of corpuscles and waves on the back shelf.
A specific case, in which the electric field performs the double function of molecular excitation and the creation of intermolecular and atomic ions, is being given by the system used by the inventor. It is a system utilising the principles of the wire corona with a concentric cylinder at different pressures. The system is modified in conformity to the concept that chemical reactions must take place when the oppositely charged molecular ions from an appropriate activated catalyst are accelerated against one another in the wire corona. It consists of a cylinder made of a suitable catalyst from which positive ions are emitted. The reactants (gases) streaming through the chamber parallel to the length of the wire attain the polarity of the negative molecular ions by the high electric field close to the wire. As these negative molecular ions are accelerated at the right angles to the wire in the direction of the electric field toward the positively charged catalyst cylinder, they are met by an avalanche of onrushing atomic ions from the catalyst. A certain amount of reaction takes place in that instant, 10-8 seconds. However, some of the negative molecular ions outside the mean free path of the positive atomic ions are free to rush headlong toward the positive cylindrical field where they are neutralised, and instantly given a positive charge by the avalanche of outrushing positive ions. These positive molecular ions are accelerated back into the field and collide against the negative molecular ions coming from the direction of the negative electrode corona. This melee continues until the reaction has come to a point where the individual participants are either all gone or the mixture is outside of the electric field: backrush oscillations.
The Moray apparatus combined with other equipment, consists of a combination of specially constructed tubes which we will refer to as valves, "pressure transmitters", interceptors and oscillators. The valves are not rectifiers in the sense that they operate as radio valves in changing Alternating Current or High Frequency oscillations into Direct Current. They have an actual valve action in stopping the "flow" of energy which may be thought of as oscillatory action similar to the waves of the sea, without rectification, from returning to the outer circuit, much as a retaining wall could stop the waves of the sea from returning. The other modalities and "tubes" of the device are equally unique in their performance. Although no new laws of energy are being advanced or claimed as having been discovered, the application in the method of utilisation of the energy throughout space is unique in that "generation" is accomplished by oscillatory utilisation rather than by the conventional prime mover. These detector tubes have a synchronised pull with the specially developed oscillators of high faradic capacity and provide a means through which oscillating energy may pass to specially constructed valve oscillators whose relation to the first stage valve is such as to permit oscillations to come in from but not return to the outer circuit with an automatic variable relation to the oscillations from the universe, and capable of setting up within their circuits initial oscillations which coincide with the oscillations of the universe.
Special provision is provided to stop RE tubes from becoming blocked in their dissipation of the charges created by the oscillations that continually accumulate based on the oscillatory capacity backrush effect common to capacitors and are herein applied in vacuum tubes. This action of these devices has the effect of enlarging and prolonging the time of charge and discharge of the capacitors and the capacity energy in the circuit to an appreciable interval in perfect harmony with the natural energy wave through the interceptor's valves and oscillators in the circuit which set up in the circuit electrical pulsations corresponding to the energy waves captured by the interceptor and again kept from returning to the second outer circuit by "multi-walled" valves. The final tubes act as energy pressure transmitters with a means to prevent "shunting" condensation by a special form of "getter". This stops condensation accumulating at the base of the tubes which would block their ionic action.
One must "split" the energy discharge band into lines of variation (call this what you will), lines of energy or lines of light beyond the "light rays". The oscillations, therefore, do not become simple oscillations but through the action of the universe set up an energy flow which might be referred to as the assertion of inertia. When inertia sets in, the action will continue because of the oscillations of the cosmos, otherwise one would have a complete dissipation of energy and no oscillations. The oscillation will vibrate during the same period of time regardless of the potential, but the rate of vibration of the device depends on the "capacity" of its modalities, i.e., condensers, etc.
Put together in pure energy resonance, certain energy responding apparatus which synchronise with the resonance of certain vibrations in the universe, and what do you have? Useable energy from the universe. This energy may come to the planets as oscillations similar to the oscillations and tides of the sea. The Radiant Energy tubes receive this energy in surges which may last only a few microseconds by the pressure and current in those surges are so strong that sufficient energy is delivered to the equipment in resonance to be useable in multiples of flashes and in a magnitude which competes with the light of day. Remember resonance and pressure can do a lot to amplify energy. Also remember that the vibrations going out from the sources in the universe must also return to their sources. Nothing is lost. There is only a lowering of potential like water flowing over a water wheel.
The Radiant Energy tubes present no new laws of physics. They simply expand the application of known laws, thereby obtaining results not at first thought possible. This is the history of science. Radiant Energy tubes possess greater ability to obtain "saturation" and thus charge the accompanying capacitors at a more steady rate. When a certain voltage is reached, ionisation occurs in the gases of the discharged tube and causes the capacitors of the valve circuit to discharge into other capacitors of the valve circuit, to discharge into other capacitors of the oscillators and the other modalities of the circuit.
When ionisation in the preceding tubes is no longer possible because of the reduced voltage, the process starts all over again. The first valve passes vibrations of energy into an oscillatory circuit; ionisation sets in, a discharge occurs, and energy passes through another valve into other oscillators. The process is repeated from the first stage on to the second stage, on to the third and so on, much like a bucket brigade. That is why I asked years ago, "Cannot a steady flow of water be obtained from the waves of the sea or energy from the vibrations of the cosmos?"
When a vibration of any kind strikes a boundary between two media of different vibratory impedances at an angle of less than 90 degrees, a transformation of the vibratory rate may be changed into another vibratory rate. The Radiant Energy device therefore will continue to capture energy by resonance, or call it what you will, as long as the "keep alive" vibration of the cosmos continues to oscillate the various stages of the valves and oscillators in the circuit. Simple, is it not? Just a case of the trapping of energy which is everywhere present in the primary circuit and causing it to oscillate through the secondary circuits through a blocked circuit of no return.
Our experiments have proved that there is an energy which exists in the universe which, by proper development of equipment, can be made available for commercial use.
Such an energy transformer or converter has been built. It has been operated, at full load continuously with no expenditure of fuels of any type, without a mechanical prime mover, kept alive by the oscillations of the energies from the cosmos; an energy converter, or transformer, which would be capable of converting the high frequency, high level energy of the cosmic radiation into current of usable frequency and voltage.
Basically the theory of operation is as follows:
Oscillations are started in the first stage or circuit of the device by exciting it with an external energy source.
The circuit is "tuned" until the oscillations are sustained by harmonic coupling to the cosmic wave frequencies.
The reinforcing action of the harmonic coupling increases the amplitude of the oscillations until the peak pulses "spill" over into the next stage through a special detector or valve which prevents the return or feedback of energy from succeeding circuits.
These "pulses" drive this stage, which oscillates at a lower frequency and is again reinforced by harmonic coupling with the ever present cosmic waves.
The second stage drives a third stage, and additional stages are coupled until a suitable power level at a useable frequency and voltage is obtained by means of special transformers.
The specific information on Moray's system is very limited, especially since his patent application has been removed. The diagram above and the diagram below have been reproduced from what is alleged to be the notes from which the patent application was composed. These notes are not very clear both in wording and in the quality of reproduction, however, the diagrams shown here are an attempt to show clearly anything which is reasonably certain in those diagrams.
This is supposed to be the construction information on the Moray Valve which was capable of being set to either rectify a signal or to amplify a signal. The casing is a metal cup which also forms one of the contacts for the valve. inside the cup there are four pellets attached to the side. The outer two pellets are made of bismuth and are fused directly on to the metal case. The two inner pellets are attached to the case with tin instead of solder. Judging from the drawing, it looks as if the metal arm contacting the pellets can only connect with the inner two pellets. The arm presses sharply against the pellets in the same way that the "cat's whisker" diodes of the time were touched with a silver wire to make a point contact and produce rectification.
If it is correct that the rotatable arm only contacts one of the two inner pellets, then the reason for those outer bismuth pellets must be as an indirect part of the valve. So, this section of the case is an arrangement of the metal of the case, tin, bismuth and five junctions between different materials, not counting the contact arm. One of the two inner pellets is made of purified germanium with the addition of very small amounts of a doping material. Iron Sulphide (FeS), Molybdenum Sulphide (MoS), Bismuth, Uranium and Silver have been mentioned as possible doping agents. Another material mentioned is Lead which has had it's structure altered by the process described in Moray's patent US 2,460,707. The pellets are said to be produced under high pressure.
From this it can be seen that we do not have anything remotely like the full information on Moray's system. However, there are a number of important things which we can learn from this. Firstly, using just a good earthing connection and an aerial of just ninety feet (30 m) or so in length suspended only some eight feet off the ground, it is possible to draw significant current from the environment. The photograph shows 35 light bulbs being lit by Moray and that is a substantial amount of power. It is unlikely that we will be able to reproduce Moray's exact method of extracting power, but it is highly unlikely that his method is the only possible way of achieving efficient power extraction. So, if we experiment with the components and materials to hand today, it is distinctly possible that we could extract major amounts of power from a relatively small aerial wire positioned at quite a convenient height above the ground, and a good quality earth.
Moray's book "The Sea of Energy in which the Earth Floats" can be downloaded as a free 64-page eBook from here
What Is a Vacuum Tube
In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or valve (British usage) or, colloquially, a tube (North America), is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.
The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode and is used for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.
Non-thermionic types, such as a vacuum phototube however, achieve electron emission through the photoelectric effect, and are used for such as the detection of light levels. In both types, the electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode by the electric field in the tube.
The simplest vacuum tube, the diode invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Current can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube allows the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the twentieth century. They were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital computers. Although some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter for radio or mechanical computers for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, and created the discipline of electronics.
In the 1940s the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, more efficient, reliable and durable, and cheaper than thermionic tubes. From the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were then being replaced with the transistor. However, the cathode-ray tube (CRT) remained the basis for television monitors and oscilloscopes until the early 21st century. Thermionic tubes still have some applications, such as the magnetron used in microwave ovens, certain high-frequency amplifiers, and amplifiers that audio enthusiasts prefer for their tube sound.
Not all electronic circuit valves/electron tubes are vacuum tubes. Gas-filled tubes are similar devices, but containing a gas, typically at low pressure, which exploit phenomena related to electric discharge in gases, usually without a heater.
Vacuum Tube - Description:
Classic vacuum tube
A vacuum tube consists of two or more electrodes in a vacuum inside an airtight envelope. Most tubes have glass envelopes with a glass-to-metal seal based on kovar sealable borosilicate glasses, though ceramic and metal envelopes (atop insulating bases) have been used. The electrodes are attached to leads which pass through the envelope via an airtight seal. Most vacuum tubes have a limited lifetime, due to the filament or heater burning out or other failure modes, so they are made as replaceable units; the electrode leads connect to pins on the tube's base which plug into a tube socket. Tubes were a frequent cause of failure in electronic equipment, and consumers were expected to be able to replace tubes themselves. In addition to the base terminals, some tubes had an electrode terminating at a top cap. The principal reason for doing this was to avoid leakage resistance through the tube base, particularly for the high impedance grid input. The bases were commonly made with phenolic insulation which performs poorly as an insulator in humid conditions. Other reasons for using a top cap include improving stability by reducing grid-to-anode capacitance, improved high-frequency performance, keeping a very high plate voltage away from lower voltages, and accommodating one more electrode than allowed by the base. There was even an occasional design that had two top cap connections.The earliest vacuum tubes evolved from incandescent light bulbs, containing a filament sealed in an evacuated glass envelope. When hot, the filament releases electrons into the vacuum, a process called thermionic emission, originally known as the "Edison Effect". A second electrode, the anode or plate, will attract those electrons if it is at a more positive voltage. The result is a net flow of electrons from the filament to plate. However, electrons cannot flow in the reverse direction because the plate is not heated and does not emit electrons. The filament (cathode) has a dual function: it emits electrons when heated; and, together with the plate, it creates an electric field due to the potential difference between them. Such a tube with only two electrodes is termed a diode, and is used for rectification. Since current can only pass in one direction, such a diode (or rectifier) will convert alternating current (AC) to pulsating DC. Diodes can therefore be used in a DC power supply, as a demodulator of amplitude modulated (AM) radio signals and for similar functions.
Early tubes used the filament as the cathode; this is called a "directly heated" tube. Most modern tubes are "indirectly heated" by a "heater" element inside a metal tube that is the cathode. The heater is electrically isolated from the surrounding cathode and simply serves to heat the cathode sufficiently for thermionic emission of electrons. The electrical isolation allows all the tubes' heaters to be supplied from a common circuit (which can be AC without inducing hum) while allowing the cathodes in different tubes to operate at different voltages. H. J. Round invented the indirectly heated tube around 1913.
The filaments require constant and often considerable power, even when amplifying signals at the microwatt level. Power is also dissipated when the electrons from the cathode slam into the anode (plate) and heat it; this can occur even in an idle amplifier due to quiescent currents necessary to ensure linearity and low distortion. In a power amplifier, this heating can be considerable and can destroy the tube if driven beyond its safe limits. Since the tube contains a vacuum, the anodes in most small and medium power tubes are cooled by radiation through the glass envelope. In some special high power applications, the anode forms part of the vacuum envelope to conduct heat to an external heat sink, usually cooled by a blower, or water-jacket.
Klystrons and magnetrons often operate their anodes (called collectors in klystrons) at ground potential to facilitate cooling, particularly with water, without high-voltage insulation. These tubes instead operate with high negative voltages on the filament and cathode.
Modern vacuum tube - COLD CATHODE TUBE
In the 1930s, when some exploratory vacuum-tube engineering was still happening, P. T. Farnsworth obtained a series of patents on a cold cathode vacuum tube
Farnsworth’s cold cathode multipactor tube
A cold cathode tube? But where does that necessary “cloud of electrons” come from?
Conventional tube theory and the whole history of the amplifying tube’s development would have you believe that the only way electrical activity can be created in a vacuum is by “thermionic emission” from a hot cathode. (The same mythology prevails in traditional fluorescent lighting.) But Crookes didn’t use hot cathodes in his evacuated spheres and tubes, nor did Tesla in his vacuum lighting devices or in his “rotating brush” detector. Effects are achieved by disturbances within the tube caused by the application of alternating currents, usually of high potential, generated by induction coils or by high-frequency Tesla coils.
Farnsworth’s cold cathode multipactor amplifying and oscillating tubes were high-frequency inventions made for radio transmitting. Their range was 200 kHz to 60 MHz.
Says Farnsworth in his patent, “All that is necessary to set the tube into oscillation, is to energize the anodes, as there will be, in the space between the cathodes, a sufficient number of free electrons which are accelerated toward one or both of the cathodes by the potential of the anode, to strike thereon and cause the initiation of secondary emissions.”
Vacuum Tube - Free Energy
Prediction of Farnsworth: free energy in vacuum tube
Farnsworth said repeatedly in his patents that these devices are “over unity.” Regenerative feedback and resonant reinforcement appear to be involved. The fact this device works without a hot cathode implies that plenty of electric energy can be set free in a vacuum tube if it is properly stimulated. (Free-energy seekers take note!)
Perhaps the invention’s over unity potential explains why this novel tube never made it into manufacture, despite the fact that it liberated engineering from the problems of the old hot cathode. Did the invention just fall between the cracks like so many others? It did get a feature story in Radio Magazine (October 1934). Was the multipactor passed over because it was perceived as another “disruptive technology,” like the electric car?
Vacuum Tube were used in the invention of Thomas Henry Moray
Moray’s equipment is said to have contained a germanium diode which he built himself in the days before solid-state devices became readily available. The equipment was examined and tested many times. On dozens of occasions, he demonstrated the equipment driving a bank of twenty 150W bulbs, plus a 600W heater, plus a 575W iron (a total of 4.175 kW). The power picked up by this device needed only small diameter wires and had characteristics different from conventional electricity. One demonstration which was repeated many times, was to show that the output power circuit could be broken and a sheet of ordinary glass placed between the severed ends of the wire, without disrupting the supply. This type of power is called “Cold electricity” because thin wires carrying major power loads, do not overheat. This form of energy is said to flow in waves which surround the wires of a circuit and not actually through the wires at all. Unlike conventional electricity, it does not use electrons for transmission and that is why it can continue through a sheet of glass which would stop conventional electricity dead in its tracks.
On one occasion, Moray took his equipment away from all urban areas to a place chosen at random by a critic. He then set up the equipment and demonstrated the power output, well away from any man-generated electrical induction. He disconnected the aerial and showed that the power output stopped immediately. He connected the aerial again to generate the output as before. He then disconnected the earth connection which stopped the output again. When the earth wire was connected again, the output power returned. He found that the power output level fell somewhat at night. The aerial used in his demonstrations was reported to be like this:
With his later devices, Moray leaves the area of aerials and moves into the same category as Barbosa and Leal, those two Brazilian men extracting 192 kilowatts of power directly from the ground. If you read Moray’s book “The Sea of Energy in which the Earth Floats” (The Sea of Energy in which the Earth Floats) you will discover that Moray moved past the scientific thinking of his day, stating that the Earth is being bombarded with cosmic energy particles which cause atoms to change from matter into energy, enter the aether and there revert to matter again. This process is governed by frequency. Moray developed energy diodes which act like electrical diodes on the energy flow of the aether. He used a chain of these ‘tubes’. Each tube was tuned to one of the harmonics of the oscillating frequency of the aether. Each tube produced lower frequency waves and the following tube is tuned to those waves and is driven by a resonant harmonic of the aether oscillations, thus producing a device with no need of any power input from the user. Also, the aerial was replaced by a small, internal copper plate. So in true aerial mode – four kilowatts. In earth-only mode – 50 kilowatts. Moray’s ideas are supported by the work and books by Gustav Le Bon (The Evolution of Matter and The Evolution of Forces).
Moray was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt in his laboratory. This caused him to change the glass in his car to bullet-proof glass. He was threatened many times. His demonstration equipment was smashed with a hammer. When threats were made against his family, he stopped rebuilding his equipment and appeared to have turned his attentions to other things, producing a device for ‘therapeutic’ medical treatment.
In his book “The Energy Machine of T. Henry Moray”, Moray B. King provides more information on this system. He states that Moray was refused a patent on the grounds that the examiner couldn’t see how the device could output so much power when the valve cathodes were not heated. Moray was granted US Patent 2,460,707 on 1st February 1949 for an Electrotherapeutic Apparatus, in which he included the specification for the three valves used in his power device, apparently because he wanted them to be covered by a patent. As far as can be seen, the valve shown here is an oscillator tube. Moray claimed that this tube had the very high capacitance of 1 Farad when running at its resonant frequency. Moray liked to use powdered quartz as a dielectric in the capacitors which he made, and he had a habit of mixing in radium salts and uranium ores with the quartz. These materials may well be important in producing ionisation in these tubes and that ionisation may well be important in tapping the energy field.
The tube shown above has a six-layer capacitor formed from two U-shaped circular metal rings with the space between them filled with a dielectric material. The plates are shown in red and blue, while the dielectric is shown in green. Inside the capacitor, there is a separate ring of dielectric material (possibly made from a different material) and an inside ring of corrugated metal to form an ion brush-discharge electrode. The capacitor and electrode connections are taken to pins in the base of the tube.
Quartz is suggested for the material of the outer covering of the tube and the wire element numbered 79 in the diagram is said to be a heating element intended to be powered by a low-voltage current source. However, as Moray had an earlier patent application refused on the grounds that there was no heating element in his tubes, it is distinctly possible that the heating element shown here is spurious, and drawn solely to avoid rejection by the examiners. In his patent, Moray refers to the capacitor in this tube as a “sparking” capacitor, so he may have been driving it with excessively high voltages which caused repeated breakdown of the capacitor material.
The tube of Fig.16 above, uses a different technique where an X-ray tube is used to bombard a corrugated electrode through a screen containing an X-ray window. It is thought that a brief burst of X-rays was used to trigger very short, sharp bursts of ions between the anode and cathode of the tube and these pick up extra energy with every burst.
Practical guide ✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand The design includes: Harnessing electricity from the Earth: Neither is Schumann Resonance, nor is it known by Electromagnetism. It's The Sea of Energy in Which the Earth Floats Extract from ordinary electricity by the method called “fractionation.” Reverse Tesla coil - "Back to Back" mechanism Combination of radiant energy and negative resistance to amplify electricity Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator Note: 1. As early as 1904, Nicola Tesla, experimenting with AC currents of high potential and high frequency, said: "Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point in the universe... Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static, our hopes are in vain; if kinetic --- and this we know it is for certain --- then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature." 2. Harnessing cosmic energy is the most practical method yet discovered by man. Furthermore, it is possible to utilize this vast source of energy from the universe without a prime mover at any point on the earth --- on the ground, in the air, on the water, under the water, or even underground. If one considers that an electrical generator is not in the true sense a generator --- as electricity is not made by the generator --- but is merely an electrical pump, the Moray Radiant Energy device may then be referred to as a cosmic ray pump: that is, a high speed electron oscillator serving as a detector of cosmic radiations which causes a pumping action or surging within its circuitry.
An alternative version of this tube is shown in Fig.18 below. Here the construction is rather similar but instead of an X-ray window, a lens and reflector are used to cause the ionisation of the switching channel between the anode and cathode. In both tubes, the corrugated electrode supports a corona build-up just prior to the short X-ray switching pulse, and it is thought that the ions contribute to the intensity of the resulting pulses which emerge from the tube. Very short uni-directional pulses are capable of causing conditions under which additional energy can be picked up. From where does this extra energy come? In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell published his “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” and in it he pointed out that the vacuum contains a considerable amount of energy (Vol. 2, p. 472 and 473). John Archibald Wheeler of Princeton University, a leading physicist who worked on the US atomic bomb project, has calculated the flux density of the vacuum. Applying Einstein’s E=mC2 formula indicates that there is enough energy in every 1 cc of “empty” space, to create all of the matter in the visible universe which can be seen with our most powerful telescopes. That amount of energy is so great as to be beyond imagining. This energy field is referred to as “Universal Energy”, “Cosmic Energy” or “Zero Point Energy”. At this time, we do not have any instrument which responds directly to this energy and so it is almost impossible to measure.
The existence of this energy field is now widely accepted by mainstream science and it is borne out by the situation found at quantum levels. It is generally thought that this energy is chaotic in form and for useful energy to by drawn from it, it needs to be restructured into a coherent form. It appears that uni-directional electromagnetic pulses of one millisecond or less, can be used to cause the necessary restructuring as they generate an outward coherent wave of radiant energy, from which energy can be extracted for use in most electrical devices, if a suitable receptor system is used. Tom Bearden states that at the quantum level, the seething energy of this field appears continuously as positive and negative charges. As these are evenly distributed, the net charge at any point is always zero. If a “dipole” (two opposite charges near each other) is created anywhere, then it polarises the energy field disrupting the previously even distribution of charges and causing massive streams of energy to radiate outwards from the dipole.
A voltage pulse acts as a dipole, provided the voltage rise is fast enough, and that is what causes a wave of radiant energy fanning out from the location of the voltage pulse. Batteries and magnets create continuous dipoles and so cause the local quantum energy field to send out continuous streams of massive power which can be utilised if (and only if) you know how to do it. The search for mechanisms to capture and use even a tiny fraction of these energy streams is what the “free-energy” field of research is all about. Some people say that there is no such thing as “free-energy” because you have to pay for the device which captures it. That is like taking a bus trip to a car dealership where they are giving away new cars, and saying that your new car was not a “free” car because you had to pay a bus fare to reach the car dealership.
Moray King suggests that the circuit used by Thomas Henry Moray was as follows:
There can be little doubt that Thomas Henry Moray built several versions of his apparatus, each of which produced output power well in excess of any input power needed. It seems highly likely that most of them used no input power whatsoever, and if there were any others, they will have been powered by a tiny fraction of the output power. If mild radioactive material was used as described, then the output power could in no way be attributed to that source alone, since the output power was thousands of time greater than any power available from the radioactive materials.
It is perhaps time to explain a little more about, voltage, power and current. We have been raised with the notion that it is necessary to “burn” a fuel to get power, that batteries “run down” when used and that you have to keep turning the shaft of an electrical generator to be able to draw current from it. These things are not actually true. The relatively recent field of Quantum Mechanics shows that if a charge, such as an electron has, is positioned in what is supposed to be “empty” space, it is not alone. The “empty” space is actually seething with energy, to the extent that “virtual” particles are popping into existence for a fraction of a second and then disappearing again. They are called “virtual” because they exist for such a short time.
Because of the negative charge of the electron, the particles appearing and disappearing around it will all be positive in charge. The electron has “polarised” the space around itself because it has a charge. The instant that a positive “virtual” particle appears, there are two charges near each other - minus on the electron and plus on the particle. When you have two opposite charges near each other, they form a “dipole”. Dipoles form a gateway through which energy from the environment flows continuously. An instant later, the particle disappears, but it’s place is immediately taken by another virtual particle. The result is a continuous stream of energy flowing out from the dipole.
Batteries with their positive and negative terminals are electrical dipoles, so too are generators when the input shaft is spun. Permanent magnets with their North and South poles are magnetic dipoles. Both of these have continuous streams of energy flowing through them. So, why then do batteries run down and lose their charge? The reason is that we power circuits using a closed loop. The energy flowing out of one terminal flows into the opposite terminal and instantly destroys the dipole. A new dipole has to be created every split second if the circuit is to deliver power, and it is that self-destructive method of use which causes the battery to discharge or which needs the generator shaft to be rotated continuously.
If a different operating technique is used, where the dipole is not continuously destroyed, then devices which can provide a continuous stream of energy drawn from our natural environment can be constructed. This is not magic, just the next step in conventional science and engineering. Thomas Henry Moray managed it, initially with an aerial and earth like a crystal set to provide the dipole, his device was able to draw many kilowatts of power from the environment. No fuel was needed, the energy is already there surrounding us all, all of the time. As far as I am aware, nobody has managed to replicate Moray’s device (which was the reason for it being violently suppressed) but knowing that it existed and was repeatedly demonstrated to work perfectly well, is useful in that it shows that it is possible to tap the massive zero-point energy field with a practical, home-constructed device.
Here is a collection of additional items of information gathered from several different sources:
Moray started his experiments with 'the taking of electricity from the ground', as he described it, during the summer of 1909. By autumn 1910 he had sufficient power to operate a small electrical device, and demonstrated his idea to two friends. The early stages of this demonstration consisted of operating a miniature arc light. It soon became clear to him that the energy was not static and that the static of the universe would be of no assistance to him in obtaining the power for which he was searching.
During the Christmas Holidays of 1911, he began to realise fully, that the energy with which he was working, was of an oscillating nature. He also realised that the energy was not coming out of the earth, but instead, was coming to the earth from some outside source. These electrical oscillations in the form of waves were not simple oscillations, but were surging like the waves of the sea, coming continually to the earth but more in the daytime than at night, but always arriving as vibrations from the reservoir of colossal energy out there in space. By this time Moray was able to gather enough power to light a 16-candlepower carbon lamp to about a half of it's capacity, but he did not manage to gain any further improvement until the spring of 1925.
In 1912 Moray was called to go on a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and under a visitor's visa was allowed to enter Sweden during the Exhibition of 1912 in Stockholm. In his notebook, dated November 1, 1913, he included a note saying that he had obtained material from a railroad car at Abisco, Sweden the previous summer, also some more material from the side of a hill. He made electric tests of these materials, taking them home to try each as a detector for his energy machine. Tests indicated that this soft, white stone-like substance might make a good "valve-like detector". This "valve-like detector" is what led him to do research into semi-conductive materials, and from this soft white stone he developed his first valve and the valve which was used in some of his early Radiant Energy devices (silver wire touching a stone can act as a rectifier).
Moray demonstrated that energy was available by its actions on a resistive load, such as a flat-iron or a space heater, and by lighting bulbs. A resistive device acts as a load which is directly proportional to the amount of energy delivered to it. In heating a heater, or lighting a bulb, the number of watts produced can be calculated as equal to the number of watts provided to the device. This energy is fed into a load to give either heat, light, or power. A motor can be operated but it must be designed to run on a high frequency power supply. The Radiant Energy device used an antenna and a ground connected to his solid state Radiant Energy circuit:
The diagram shown above is reproduced from a rough sketch drawn from memory after seeing Moray's circuit diagram. The person who drew it does not understand how the circuit works, so please treat this diagram as being just an overall suggestion as to what Moray's circuit might have been like. It is actually much more likely that is was a cascade of pairs of tank circuits containing Moray's valve, each pair being one series tank circuit followed by one parallel tank circuit, the oscillating frequency dropping with each tank pair and the output power rising with each tank pair. Moray's circuit was started oscillating by stroking the U-shaped coil with a permanent magnet for a few seconds, and when the circuit started operating, then switch 'S' was closed, effectively removing the U-shaped coil from the circuit.
Moray was able to demonstrate that none of the output energy came from within his device. Internally the device was electrically dead when it had not been connected and tuned to the antenna. When his device was set up, he could connect it to an antenna and ground, and by priming it first and then tuning it as he primed it, the device would draw in electrical energy. This high frequency electrical energy produced up to 250,000 volts and it powered a brighter light than witnesses had ever seen before. Heavy loads could be connected to the device without dimming the lights already connected to it. This device worked many miles from any known source of electrical energy such as power transmission lines or radio signals. The device produced up to 50,000 watts of power and worked for long periods of time.
Moray initially assumed that this energy was electromagnetic in nature however, he never claimed that it was. He assumed at first that this energy came from the earth but later he believed it was flowing in from the universe. Finally he began to believe that it was present throughout all space, intermolecular space as well as terrestrial and celestial space. He did not necessarily understand how his detectors operated, only that if he built the device very carefully according to his calculations it would work. He was able to demonstrate the existence of an energy that today, though it has not been identified or proven, has been theorised by many researchers.
The largest instrument was about 6 inches high, circular in shape and about 8 inches in diameter. We went out on the roof of the chicken coop carrying the device on a small drafting board, erected an antenna upon the roof of the coop, the antenna being about 100 feet from the house. We pulled the main line switches in the house before going out upon the roof. Mr Judd had Moray move the drafting board from place to place and he also examined the inside of the coop for hidden equipment. The machine was then assembled in his presence and the device was started. Mr Judd timed me to see how long it would take to bring get the light operating. I was able to light the CGE lamp to its full brightness and to heat an old-style Hotpoint electric flat iron to sizzling point, which required 655 watts. Mr Judd asked for the antenna to be disconnected. When this was done, the light went out. The aerial was connected again and the light reappeared. We drove a new grounding rod at a spot selected by Mr Judd, made a connection to the new grounding point and the light burned dim, but came brighter and brighter as the new grounding rod was driven deeper and deeper into the ground.
If the ground or antenna is left disconnected for too long a time, the device becomes electrically dead and must be retuned in order to regain the energy flow. Dr Eyring found no fault with the demonstration and the worst that he could say about it was that it might be induction, but that if Moray would take the device out in the mountains away from all power lines, a distance of three or four miles, and it then operated, he would then acknowledge that it could not be induction and that his theory was wrong.
At last they decided to go up Emigration Canyon, as there are no power lines in that canyon. All three gentlemen were very well satisfied and pleased with what they saw. The antenna wire was put up without any aid or instructions whatever from Mr Moray, except that he suggested that the wire be stretched tighter to prevent so much sag at the centre. This was done and the wire then appeared to clear the ground by about 7 or 8 feet at its lowest point. The ground pipe was of half-inch water pipe consisting of two sections. The lower section was pointed at the end to make its driving into the creek bed easy. It was about 6 feet long and after being driven down about 5 feet the second section, which was about 4 feet long, was screwed on with a wrench and the pipe driven further down until it struck a hard object, so about 7 feet of pipe was in the ground.
The antenna wire was insulated from the poles with two glass insulators about 6 inches long and having holes in both ends. A piece of wire about 2 feet long connected each insulator with the pole. The lead-in wire was fastened to the antenna wire at a point about 10 or 15 feet from the east pole. I helped Mr Moray solder the connection. I paced the distance between the two antenna poles and estimated it to be 87 feet. Mr Moray's equipment, apart from the antenna and ground wires, consisted of a brown box about the size of a butter box, another slightly smaller unpainted box, a fibre board box about 6" x 4" x 4", which Mr Moray referred to as containing the tubes, and a metal baseboard about 14" x 4" x 1" containing what appeared to be a magnet at one end, a switch near the middle and a receptacle for an electric light bulb at the other end. There were also several posts for connecting wires on the baseboard.
When all of the wires were connected and everything was ready, Mr Moray began tuning in. Before tuning, he placed the key on the post: he said it would be in contact while the light burnt, but no light appeared. The tuning consisted of stroking the end of a magnet across two metal projections protruding from what I referred to above as being 'a magnet'. After tuning for slightly more than 10 minutes the key was put on the operating post and the light appeared immediately. Mr Moray put the key on the operating post two or three times before during the tuning operation but no light appeared. We allowed the light to burn for 15 minutes. In my opinion, the brilliance of the light coming from the 100-watt bulb, was about 75% as bright as a 100-watt bulb connected to an ordinary house socket. It was an steady light, without fluctuations of any kind.
While the light was burning Mr Moray disconnected the antenna lead-in wire from the apparatus and the light went out. He connected it again and the light appeared. He also disconnected the ground wire and the light went out. He then connected it and the light appeared again.
In another demonstration, Mr Moray opened the device and let everyone see everything except one small part that he placed his hand over and hid in his fist. This part he cut off and put in his vest pocket. Everything else, people were allowed to examine to their hearts' content. "If that part is able to make such power itself, then it's some device and worth selling. Such a battery would be worthwhile", were some of the remarks made.
On several occasions Dr Moray would disconnect the antenna wire momentarily, but not long enough to lose the light. In disconnecting and connecting the antenna wire a flash of electricity could always be seen at the
At a demonstration in 1928, the aerial used was about 200 feet long and positioned about 80 feet above the ground: the wire is a copper cable approximately a quarter of an inch in diameter, and well insulated. The earth connection used was the water pipe in the basement of Dr Moray's home. The device was assembled in a trunk through the sides of which were holes for the connections to ground and to the antenna and for observation; the holes were about one-half inch in diameter. There were two boxes about 10 by 20 by 4 inches, one on top of the other; both were closed and the covers fastened with screws. On the upper box was lying an insulating panel about an inch thick by 15 inches long and 3 inches wide; it was made of slate or hard rubber or some material of similar appearance. On this were two binding posts which could be connected together by a small switch; also mounted on this panel was an object about 2.5 inches square, wrapped in friction tape, from which protrude two poles about 1/4-inch in diameter, apparently of sift iron. Two light bulb sockets were connected in the circuit. In one of these there was a 20-watt bulb, and in the other a 100 watt bulb.
Dr Moray then took a magnet, which was a very broad, short limbed U, and began to stroke one pole of it on the poles in the taped body. Mr Jensen placed his fingers on the binding posts several times, and at last received a rather vigorous shock. Mr Moray then threw the switch and the bulbs lit up. As a further proof that the conversion of the energy was due to the mechanism in the box, Dr Moray hit the table on which the trunk was standing, a moderate blow with a hammer whereupon the light flickered and went off, due to the detector being shaken out of adjustment. The boxes, in which the mechanism had been housed during the test, were opened and the contents examined. There were capacitors, the detector, a transformer, and two tubes in them but nothing else. Nothing that in the least resembled a battery.
It is to be noted that after a total run of 158 hours the device supplied 635 watts; inasmuch as a horsepower is but 746 watts this equals 0.878 of a horsepower or slightly more than 7/8 horsepower. This alone is sufficient to dispose of any suggestion of a battery.
A report from 1929 says: It is now more than 2 years since I first became acquainted with Dr T. H. Moray and the work he is carrying on, and in that time he has demonstrated inventive ability of an exceptional order. Perhaps the most wonderful of his inventions is a device whereby he is able to draw electric power from an antenna. This energy is not derived by induction from power lines, as has been suggested by some, nor is it derived from radio stations, as has been demonstrated by taking the apparatus more than 26 miles from the nearest power line and over a hundred miles from the nearest radio station and showing that it operates just as well as anywhere else.
This device was subjected to an endurance test in which it was operated continuously for a week, and at the end of that time a 100-watt lamp was lighted simultaneously with the heating of a 575 watt standard Hotpoint flat iron, making a total of 675 watts; it is very evident that no batteries could sustain such a drain as this.
He has also invented a very sensitive sound detector whereby it is possible to hear conversations carried on in an ordinary tome of voice at a distance of several blocks. He has also worked out numerous radio hook-ups which eliminate many of the parts now considered necessary for good reception, yet there is no diminution in quality or volume; in fact, there is a notable elimination of interference from static when some of these are used. He has devised a means by which he is able to measure with some degree of accuracy the energy evolved during mental activity; that is, he gets definite, variable deflections of the needle of a sensitive galvanometer which appeared to be related to the vigour of mental activity. There are a great many other equally remarkable things which he has done, such as reducing old rubber from truck tires to the state of a viscous fluid which is readily vulcanisable without the addition of smoke sheet as is necessary with other processes; also a high frequency therapeutic device, and numerous other devices which show great ingenuity.
The 6 lamps are set up in parallel and a small diameter wire is used as the current enters the tube prior to and connecting with the step-down transformer, this takes the very high voltage to the transformer. This voltage will jump across a spark gap of at least six inches. The operating frequency is so high that I have no instrument in my laboratory that is able to measure the amperage or the voltage at this frequency. (Signed, Murray O. Hayes, PhD.).
Dr Milton Marshall was attempting to identify the material that Moray called his "Swedish Stone". Moray described the radio detector which he had developed. He compared it to what was commonly known as the crystal of a crystal set. However, his detector was superior since it could drive a loudspeaker without the use of a battery. He used the most easily demonstrated device, the germanium diode, that worked on the same principle to illustrate how he thought the Radiant Energy Detector worked (Moray originally built the radio simply for the purpose of showing how he was able to pick up radio signals with a solid-state device, producing sufficiently strong signals which could drive a loudspeaker, which was something unheard of in that day. His circuit did not have batteries, and it was very similar to the old crystal-set circuitry.
The device was housed in a wooden box something like 12" by 18", with an antenna and a ground going into it. Wires leading out of the box led to a bank of some forty 100-watt light bulbs and to an electric iron. Moray touched a switch at the top of the box with a hand electrostatic plate and the globes all lit up brilliantly. We all noted that the bulbs burned cold except each had a hot spot about the size of a dime on the top slightly off centre. I also recall that I could turn the lights on and off by approaching and retreating to and from the device, either with my whole body or my hand. If my memory is clear, the machine had to be tuned with a dial to be placed in this condition. (Chester M. Todd, 1971)
In 1938, after examining the transformer of the device, Mr E. G. Jensen stated that he considered that the amount of current which he had seen taken from the device was positive proof that the current developed by or in the machine was different to any in use at that time. This was because the transformer would have burned out if it had been carrying normal current, but the transformer showed no signs of even ever having been warm. He was informed by Dr Hayes that the transformer had been in use under the same loading conditions during many demonstrations in the past.
The "Number 1" capacitor consisted of two small sheets of aluminium of about 30 gauge, separated by and making contact with a piece of one-quarter inch thick plate glass. The plate glass was larger than the aluminium sheets and overlapped them.
The "Number 2" capacitor was a commercial unit manufactured by Igred Condenser & Mfg. Co. and had a capacity of 0.025 mfd.
They were used as shown here:
With the 60 watt lamp and the two capacitors attached to the antenna and the antenna and ground attached to the box containing the Radiant Energy equipment as shown in the sketch, the 100-watt lamp on the secondary or output side was lighted. Unscrewing the 60-watt lamp from its socket caused the 100-watt amp to go out, but it immediately lighted when the 60-watt lamp was screwed into its socket again. The 60-watt lamp did not light. Shorting the antenna and ground by placing a wire across them, caused the 100-watt lamp to go out. Similar shorting with the hands also caused the 100-watt lamp to go out. No electricity could be felt when shorting with the hands. If either the ground or the antenna wires were disconnected from the box, the 100-watt lamp would go out. Neither of the capacitors or the 60-watt lamp on the primary side of the box were necessary but were simply put there to show that the high frequency power will jump or pass through them.
Moray's patent application on this device was filed in 1931 and rejected on a number of grounds. Firstly, "Because no means was provided for causing the cathode to emit an appreciable number of electrons, the current produced in the cathode by the antenna will not heat the cathode to a temperature at which an appreciable number of electrons per second are emitted". In other words, according to Thomas E. Robinson, Commissioner of Patents, a solid state device, such as a transistor, cannot possible work. Secondly, because "No natural source of electric wave energy is known to the Examiner and proof of the existence of such a source is required". In other words, it was not enough for Moray to demonstrate the effect of the energy source; he also had to identify it, which he could not do. None of the original patent applications that Henry made are any longer available at the US Patent Office. Although their file jackets are there, the contents and applications themselves are gone.
In 1942, Moray attempted to rebuild a Radiant Energy device, using the remaining bit of what was known as the "Swedish Stone". This material, which was the heart of his original RE detector, he had never managed to duplicate, and the shortage of this material limited the amount of power which he could draw. Consequently, in the large unit, he developed a second detector that forced him into extensive research involving nuclear materials and radioactive reactions. He became deeply involved in the study of synthetic radioactivity as described by Gustave LeBon in his book "The Evolution of Matter". The years slipped by and Moray spent most of his time working on what he called the "counter-balance" to eliminate the need for an aerial antenna.
Moray said:
Enough energy is coming to the earth to light over 1,693,600 100-watt lamps for every human being on the earth today. No fuel of any kind need be taken as this energy can be picked-up directly by ocean liners, railroads, airplanes, automobiles, or any form of transportation. Heat, light and power can be made available for use in all kinds of buildings and for all kinds of machinery. An example would be to pump water onto the desert lands, the power source being only a fraction of the weight of any steam plant or any kind of engine in use today and all this at a fraction of the current cost.
The total energy involved in "cosmic" radiations is very large. The mechanism of its generation involves a basic relationship with the total structure and action of the universe. Today it is believed that cosmic radiation consists primarily of protons and some heavier nuclei. At times this cosmic energy packs a wallop of around 100 quadrillion volts. Coming continuously with slight variations in time, the radiations have a uniformly directional isotropy. The earth is, therefore, surrounded in an atmosphere of radiation with cosmic rays coming continually to the earth from all directions, although there may be a slight deflection of the weaker rays by the earth's magnetic field. There is every indication that our sun is not the source of any appreciable amount of this radiation. The origin, therefore, is from the universe as a whole. The total energy of cosmic radiation is more than the entire luminous output of all the stars and nebulae of the universe combined. Unlimited power is being delivered to everyone's doorstep.
The Moray Radiant Energy discovery, using radiations from the cosmos as its power source, gives the greatest amount of energy per pound of equipment of any system known to man. Electrical power through an electric motor or an electric jet far exceeds any form of energy in any engine in the delivery of power. There is no dead centre of lost motion in an electric motor nor loss of push in an electric jet. Also, the starting torque is much higher in the electrically powered engine than in the combustion engine.
Harnessing cosmic energy is the most practical method yet discovered by man. Furthermore, it is possible to utilise this vast source of energy from the universe without a prime mover at any point on the earth --- on the ground, in the air, on the water, under the water, or even underground. If one considers that an electrical generator is not in the true sense a generator - as electricity is not made by the generator - but is merely an electrical pump, the Moray Radiant Energy device may then be referred to as a cosmic ray pump: that is, a high speed electron oscillator serving as a detector of cosmic radiations which causes a pumping action or surging within its circuitry.
To account for the propagation of heat and light - two of the forms of Radiant Energy - man has postulated the existence of a medium filling all space. But, the transference of the energy of radiant heat and light is not the only evidence in favour of the existence of such a medium. Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic phenomena and gravitation itself point in the same direction.
Attractions and repulsion take place between electrified bodies, magnets, and circuits conveying electric currents. Large masses may be set in motion in this manner, acquiring kinetic energy. If an electric current is started in any circuit, corresponding induced currents spring up in all very closely neighbouring conductors. To originate a current in any conductor requires the expenditure of energy. How, then, is the energy propagated from the circuit to the conductors? If we believe in the continuity of the propagation of energy - that is, is we believe that when it disappears at one place and reappears at another it must have passed through the intervening space and, therefore, have existed there somehow in the meantime - we are forced to postulate a vehicle for its conveyance form place to place.
When a particle is electrified, what one must first observe is that a certain amount of energy has been spent; work has been done. The result is an electrified state of the particle. The process of electrifying a conductor is, therefore, the storing of energy in some way in or around the conductor in some medium. The work is spent in altering the state of the medium, and when the particle is discharged, the medium returns to its original state, and the store of energy is disengaged. Similarly, a supply of energy is required to maintain an electric current, and the phenomenon arising from the current are manifestations of the presence of this energy in the medium around the circuit. It used to be that an electrified particle or body was supposed to have something called "electricity" residing upon it which caused electrical phenomena. An electric current was regarded as a flow of electricity travelling along a wire (for example), and the energy which appeared at any part of a circuit (if considered at all) was supposed to have been conveyed along the wire by the current. But, the existence of induction and electromagnetic interactions between bodies situated at a distance from each other leads one to look upon the medium around the conductors as playing a very important part in the development of these electrical phenomena. In fact, it is the storehouse of the energy.
It is upon this basis that Maxwell founded his theory of electricity and magnetism, and determined the distribution of the energy in the various parts of an electric field in terms of electric and magnetic forces. The medium around an electrified body is charged with energy and not of an imaginary electric fluid distributed over the electrified body or conductor. When we speak of the charge of an electrified conductor we are referring to the charge of energy in the medium around it, and when we talk of the electric flow or current in the circuit we are referring to the only flow we know of, namely, the flow of energy through the electric field within the wire.
The work in producing the electrification of a conductor is spent on the medium and stored there, probably as energy of motion. To denote this we shall say that the medium around the conductor is polarised, this word being employed to denote that its state or some of its properties have been altered in some manner and to a certain extent depending on the intensity of the charge. If the charge is negative the polarisation is in the opposite sense, the two being related, perhaps, like right-handed and left-handed twists or rotations.
Now consider the case of a body charged alternately, positively and negatively in rapid succession. The positive charge means a positive polarisation of the medium, which begins at the conductor and travels out through space. When the body is discharged the medium is once more set free and resumes its former condition. The negative charge now induces a modification of the medium or polarisation in the opposite sense. The result of alternate charges of opposite sign is that the medium at any point becomes polarised alternately in opposite directions, while waves of opposite polarisations are propagated through space, each carrying energy derived from the source or agent supplying the electrification. Here, then, we have a periodic disturbance of some king occurring at each point, accompanied by waves of energy travelling outwards from the conductor.
The phenomenon of interference leads to the conclusion that light is the result of periodic disturbances or vibrations of the medium, but as to the nature of these vibrations, as to the exact nature of the periodic changes or what it is that changes them, we possess no knowledge. We know that alternating electric charges are accompanied by corresponding changes of state or vibrations of the medium, and if the charge is varied periodically and with sufficient rapidity, we have a vibration at each point analogous to, perhaps identical with, that which occurs in the propagation of light - a combination of wave and particle properties. This then is the electromagnetic theory of the luminous vibration.
In the older elastic-solid theory, the light vibrations were supposed to be actual oscillations of the elements or molecules of the medium about their positions of rest, such as takes place when waves of transverse disturbance are propagated through an elastic solid. Such limitation is unwarranted to some extent, but one cannot afford to entirely disregard the particle theory of light either. A combination of the theories has merit. We know that the change, disturbance, vibration, polarisation, or whatever we wish to term it, is periodic and transverse to the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic theory teaches us nothing further as to its nature, but rather asserts that whatever the charge may be, it is the same in kind as that which occurs in the medium when the charge of an electrified body is altered or reversed. It reduces light and heat waves to the same category as waves of electrical polarisation. The only quality of the later required to constitute the former is sufficient rapidity of alteration. These speculations were given the strongest confirmation by experiments of Prof. Hertz many years ago.
When a resilient substance is subjected to strain and then set free, one of two things may happen. The substance may slowly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state, or the elastic recoil may carry it past its position of equilibrium and cause it to execute a series of oscillations. Something of the same sort may also occur when an electrified capacitor is discharged. In ordinary language, there may be a continuous flow of electricity in one direction until the discharge is completed, or an oscillating discharge may occur. That is, the first flow may be succeeded by a backrush, as if the first discharge had overrun itself and something like recoil had set in. The capacitor thus becomes more or less charged again in the opposite sense, and a second discharge occurs, accompanied by a second backrush, the oscillation going on until all the energy is either completely radiated or used up in heating the conductors or performing other work.
When capacitors are filled with energy captured by the Moray Radiant Energy device and then discharged through a circuit of proper impedance, reactance and inductance, thereby synchronising the oscillation of the device with those of the universe, electrical inertia is set up. In the reversal of the current, the capacitors are charged, discharged and recharged slowly until the energy stored in them is radiated in kinetic energy through the device, and this energy can be kept alive indefinitely by establishing resonance with the oscillations of the universe.
Considering oscillations from a mechanical, electrical and mathematical point of view, we find that electrical resistance is the same as mechanical friction and current is comparable to mechanical velocity. Inertia and inductance may then be considered analogous terms. In mechanics the greater the inertia of a body, the longer it will stay in motion. In the Radiant Energy device's resistance-inductance-capacity (REC or RLC) circuit, the greater the electrical inductance, the longer the current continues to flow once it is established by synchronisation with cosmic surges.
Expressed mathematically, the equations are the same for electrical or mechanical phenomena. Which means, that R < square root(4L / C), where R is the resistance in ohms, L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farads. When this is true, an oscillatory discharge will occur and a very powerful inductance inertia will assert itself. For low values of R, the frequency of the oscillations can be shown by f = 1/2 x pi x square root(CL). The rapidity of the oscillations is governed by the capacitance and inductance.
In the vibrational forces of the universe, we find the key to the source of all energy. How we can utilise this energy for modern industry without being limited to mechanical prime movers is the question. And, the answer may be an energy generator, balanced so as to oscillate in synchronisation with the oscillations of the universe.
Dr Ross Gunn, a civilian scientist for the US Navy, stated years ago that the earth is a huge generator, generating over 200 million amperes of electric current continuously. For example, the aurora borealis is considered to be a very large definite electrical phenomenon produced by the passage of electric charges through the rarefied gases of the higher atmosphere. The earth has since been shown, by Dr Gunn and others, to have a negative charge amounting to 400,000 coulombs. Yet, six feet above the ground the air is charged with more than +200 volts with respect to the ground.
It is known that air conducts electricity away from charged objects. This being true, how does the earth maintain its charge since it is a charged object exposed to the surrounding atmosphere? If the air conducts electricity, the earth's charge must be constantly passing into the atmosphere. And it has been calculated that the earth has a continuous discharge into the atmosphere of 1,800 amperes. At this rate, the earth should lose 90% of its charge into the air in one hour, yet the earth's charge does not diminish. From where does the earth's energy come?
The conversion of matter to energy in the stars is accepted, and, reasoning from what occurs in radioactive disintegration during which energy waves are radiated, one may conclude that energy waves of very high frequency are sent out from the stars (one of which is our sun). Now, of course, the conversion of energy into matter must equally be accepted.
It has been found that ionisation, which could be the medium for the flow of energy, increases with increasing altitude, instead of decreasing as would be expected. Since the source of energy is the universe, the generation of energy by rotary action and by all prime movers is an effect and not a cause. Oscillatory energy action, be it in a Leyden jar, another man-made capacitor, or in what we may call natural capacitors, always behaves the same. The oscillations will continue until they have reach their cycle of height and then there will be a backrush returning to where the oscillations originated. Every oscillation, whether large or small, is completed during the same interval of time. These oscillations all prove the same great fact, that they are governed by the same cycle of time, completed during the same interval of time. Waves of energy have a regular beat note, coming and going as the waves of the sea, but in a very definite mathematical order - coming to the earth from every direction with a definite rhythm.
Energy has a definite elastic or resilient rigidity and density, which is subject to displacement and strain. When strain is removed, the medium will spring back to its old position and beyond, surging back and forth, and will continue to oscillate until the original pressure is used up. If the internal impedance is too great, there will be no oscillations, but it will merely slide back in a dead beat to its unrestrained state.
By cutting down resistance to a minimum and synchronising the resilient ionic actions of the Moray device with the wave actions of the universe, periods of oscillation can be made to come quicker and quicker until inertia asserts itself, thus lengthening out the time of final recovery. This is done by carrying the recoil beyond the natural oscillations and prolonging the vibrations by capturing the in oscillatory action. When the recovery becomes distinctly oscillatory, a harmonic pattern is initiated and the oscillations continue, resonance thereby being established with the universe.
In the universe we see the same laws being obeyed as in our laboratories. As one traces down to the almost infinitesimal constituents of the atom, one finds that matter does not exist at all as the realistic substance which we have supposed it to be. There at the very foundation, it consists of nothing more than energy charges emitted at various wavelengths or frequencies. It is becoming more and more certain that the apparent complexity of nature is due to our lack of knowledge. And, as the picture unfolds, it promises a marvellous simplicity.
One of the most marvellous relationships that has ever been revealed in the entire science of physics is that between light and electricity and the existence of electronics in atoms of matter. Knowing what we do at the present time with regard to the structure of atoms, this relationship is not quite so surprising. However, considering the total absence of this knowledge about a half century ago, the discovery that light, and radiation in general, are vibratory phenomena was revolutionary.
Speaking of radiation, "Radiant" here means proceeding from a centre in straight lines in every direction. Energy is internal and inherent. "Energy" is defined as a condition of matter, by virtue of which, any definite portion may affect changes in any other definite portion. This was written in 1892, and discoveries since confirm it. Energy then is a state of matter, or rather, the result of a particular state or condition in which matter may be when any observed phase of energy appears.
In addition to possessing kinetic energy, the atom is capable of absorbing energy internally. This internal energy is associated with the configuration of the particles of which the atom is composed. Under ordinary conditions an atom is in what is known as a state of equilibrium, in which there is neither a giving off, nor an absorbing of energy. But, the internal energy of the atom can be altered. When the internal energy of the atom exceeds that of its normal state it is said to be excited. Excitations may be caused in several ways, e.g., the collision of an atom with rapidly moving positive or negative particles or the breaking of lines of force in an electromagnetic generator. Kinetic energy is released when excitation causes a particle to give up some or all of its kinetic energy to the atom during collisions. This is taking place in the universe all the time.
The electric motor and generator would never have been discovered if a dielectric (insulator) had not been discovered. If one discovers a dielectric valve for the energy of the universe, one has the answer to harnessing the energy of the universe! A limiting case of excitation is ionisation, wherein energy is absorbed by the atom sufficiently to allow a loosely bound electron to leave the atom, against the electrostatic forces which tend to hold it within the atom. An atom which has given up one or more electrons is said to be ionised. It is possible that ionisation, i.e., excitation, may take place in successive steps through absorption of quanta energy. The return of an ionised atom to a state of lower energy is associated with electromagnetic radiation. Also, from the process of ionisation, electrical energy may become associated with the vibrational forces of the universe coming into the earth as cosmic radiation. The higher the frequency, the greater the ionisation or excitation, a form of energy which is kinetic in nature. There are tremendous energies coming to the earth from outer space. These energies are only different manifestations of the energies we see in operation all around us. In most cases we are not even aware of their existence. They penetrate everything including our own bodies. Every one of us is alive by virtue of these energies. Every part and particle of the universe is alive with them. The generators that now furnish our electric power do not create or originate any power or electricity; they merely direct, pump, the existing energy or electricity.
As in musical notes of high and low "C", the vibrational rates (frequencies) are different, but all "C" notes are essentially the same (harmonically related). This is the foundation upon which much of my investigation of vibratory phenomena is based.
It has been agreed that all forms of matter are vibrating at a particular rate or frequency. And, so it is with the various forms of energy - heat and light, magnetism and electricity. These are but forms of vibratory motion connected with and being generated from the same source, the universe. Matter vibrates at a particular rate, according to its character, and may be transmitted into other substance by lowering or raising its rate of frequency. If the frequency is raised high enough, the molecules will separate and the atoms become free. Raising the frequency still higher, the atoms resolve themselves into their original components. Matter then becomes a form of energy. Frequencies may be developed which will balance the force of gravity to a point of neutralisation. One can then go beyond the force of gravitation. Understanding the principles of vibration is truly understanding energy.
In gamma rays, we find potentials which are equivalent to as much as 1,000,000 volts, yet their wave lengths are not the shortest known. In octaves still higher there are rays which are known as "cosmic rays". Who can draw a definite line and say how much higher other octaves exist than those knows as the cosmic rays? Our starting point from the discovery of these different waves was electrical conductivity of the air, and it has been found that this conductivity is just as strong by night as by day. Radiations emitted by the sun can scarcely be the sole cause of this energy. All space is saturated with vibration, energies, which are no doubt electrical in character. The relation of matte to energy and energy to matter then becomes the potential of the universe - one continuous series of oscillations.
Atoms maintain an equilibrium by oscillations, rotations, attractions and repulsions, but this does not interfere with a transformation of equilibrium, which, when the transformations of equilibrium are rapid enough, become energy, i.e., matter is turning into energy and energy into matter.
There can be no generation of electrical current and no kinetic energy if there is no disturbance of equilibrium, i.e., change of potential or change of energy levels. When one thinks of the oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air all about us moving with the speed of bullets and striking us and everything else at this speed, one can form some idea of the agitation taking place here and in the universe.
The oscillations from outer space are emitting electromagnetic waves of many wavelengths and frequencies. The Moray device is so constructed that the frequency is very much lower on the secondary side than on the primary side, and almost complete resonance is established. I am convinced that the energies from the universe are active radiations produced by the evolution of matter into energy and energy into matter.
Dr Anderson's cloud chamber at the California Institute of Technology, in which the positron was discovered, has furnished much information about cosmic ray energies. He found that some positrons are born of cosmic rays smashing into matter. The cosmic ray energies deduced from the tracks left in the Anderson cloud chamber range from 100 volts to 3,000,000,000 volts. The Lemaitre-Vallarts theory, together with Dr Johnson's asymmetry measurements, give definite values for the energy of half of the cosmic radiation, and shows it continuously distributed between 5 billion and 50 billion volts.
The figure of 100 billion volts is a result of Dr W. Kolhorster's measurement of penetrating radiation in the depths of the Strassfurt salt mines. He found that the minimum energy of these rays had a penetration which was greater than ever before demonstrated. Dr Axel Corlin of Sweden's Lund Observatory found radiation that still had energy after passing through somewhat greater depths and, therefore, the voltage figures can be made even higher. Energies of 100 billion volts or more are indicated by the great bursts set off by cosmic ray collisions, called the stosse, which have been observed particularly in Germany. The Moray RE devices have worked equally well in deep mines, under water or high in the mountains and in an airplane.
It is about 100 years since science began to consider light, heat, magnetism, galvanism, and electricity as natural forces. In the early part of the 19th century school books termed these things "imponderable substances". The corpuscle theory of light was taught, the sun was supposed to provide an endless supply of those corpuscles. After the corpuscle theory faded, scientists turned to the wave theory, but even that was based on a crude concept of movement of the ultimate principles or atoms, of matter. The electron theory has superseded the earlier ones now, and while the electron theory explains the observed and theoretical "facts" better than the previous concepts did, could it be that, as the greater light of knowledge leads us on, the electron theory in turn will fall short of providing "absolute" knowledge? The Einstein Theory may stand in need of revision or amendment; or, in time, it may join the theories of corpuscles and waves on the back shelf.
A specific case, in which the electric field performs the double function of molecular excitation and the creation of intermolecular and atomic ions, is being given by the system used by the inventor. It is a system utilising the principles of the wire corona with a concentric cylinder at different pressures. The system is modified in conformity to the concept that chemical reactions must take place when the oppositely charged molecular ions from an appropriate activated catalyst are accelerated against one another in the wire corona. It consists of a cylinder made of a suitable catalyst from which positive ions are emitted. The reactants (gases) streaming through the chamber parallel to the length of the wire attain the polarity of the negative molecular ions by the high electric field close to the wire. As these negative molecular ions are accelerated at the right angles to the wire in the direction of the electric field toward the positively charged catalyst cylinder, they are met by an avalanche of onrushing atomic ions from the catalyst. A certain amount of reaction takes place in that instant, 10-8 seconds. However, some of the negative molecular ions outside the mean free path of the positive atomic ions are free to rush headlong toward the positive cylindrical field where they are neutralised, and instantly given a positive charge by the avalanche of outrushing positive ions. These positive molecular ions are accelerated back into the field and collide against the negative molecular ions coming from the direction of the negative electrode corona. This melee continues until the reaction has come to a point where the individual participants are either all gone or the mixture is outside of the electric field: backrush oscillations.
The Moray apparatus combined with other equipment, consists of a combination of specially constructed tubes which we will refer to as valves, "pressure transmitters", interceptors and oscillators. The valves are not rectifiers in the sense that they operate as radio valves in changing Alternating Current or High Frequency oscillations into Direct Current. They have an actual valve action in stopping the "flow" of energy which may be thought of as oscillatory action similar to the waves of the sea, without rectification, from returning to the outer circuit, much as a retaining wall could stop the waves of the sea from returning. The other modalities and "tubes" of the device are equally unique in their performance. Although no new laws of energy are being advanced or claimed as having been discovered, the application in the method of utilisation of the energy throughout space is unique in that "generation" is accomplished by oscillatory utilisation rather than by the conventional prime mover. These detector tubes have a synchronised pull with the specially developed oscillators of high faradic capacity and provide a means through which oscillating energy may pass to specially constructed valve oscillators whose relation to the first stage valve is such as to permit oscillations to come in from but not return to the outer circuit with an automatic variable relation to the oscillations from the universe, and capable of setting up within their circuits initial oscillations which coincide with the oscillations of the universe.
Special provision is provided to stop RE tubes from becoming blocked in their dissipation of the charges created by the oscillations that continually accumulate based on the oscillatory capacity backrush effect common to capacitors and are herein applied in vacuum tubes. This action of these devices has the effect of enlarging and prolonging the time of charge and discharge of the capacitors and the capacity energy in the circuit to an appreciable interval in perfect harmony with the natural energy wave through the interceptor's valves and oscillators in the circuit which set up in the circuit electrical pulsations corresponding to the energy waves captured by the interceptor and again kept from returning to the second outer circuit by "multi-walled" valves. The final tubes act as energy pressure transmitters with a means to prevent "shunting" condensation by a special form of "getter". This stops condensation accumulating at the base of the tubes which would block their ionic action.
One must "split" the energy discharge band into lines of variation (call this what you will), lines of energy or lines of light beyond the "light rays". The oscillations, therefore, do not become simple oscillations but through the action of the universe set up an energy flow which might be referred to as the assertion of inertia. When inertia sets in, the action will continue because of the oscillations of the cosmos, otherwise one would have a complete dissipation of energy and no oscillations. The oscillation will vibrate during the same period of time regardless of the potential, but the rate of vibration of the device depends on the "capacity" of its modalities, i.e., condensers, etc.
Put together in pure energy resonance, certain energy responding apparatus which synchronise with the resonance of certain vibrations in the universe, and what do you have? Useable energy from the universe. This energy may come to the planets as oscillations similar to the oscillations and tides of the sea. The Radiant Energy tubes receive this energy in surges which may last only a few microseconds by the pressure and current in those surges are so strong that sufficient energy is delivered to the equipment in resonance to be useable in multiples of flashes and in a magnitude which competes with the light of day. Remember resonance and pressure can do a lot to amplify energy. Also remember that the vibrations going out from the sources in the universe must also return to their sources. Nothing is lost. There is only a lowering of potential like water flowing over a water wheel.
The Radiant Energy tubes present no new laws of physics. They simply expand the application of known laws, thereby obtaining results not at first thought possible. This is the history of science. Radiant Energy tubes possess greater ability to obtain "saturation" and thus charge the accompanying capacitors at a more steady rate. When a certain voltage is reached, ionisation occurs in the gases of the discharged tube and causes the capacitors of the valve circuit to discharge into other capacitors of the valve circuit, to discharge into other capacitors of the oscillators and the other modalities of the circuit.
When ionisation in the preceding tubes is no longer possible because of the reduced voltage, the process starts all over again. The first valve passes vibrations of energy into an oscillatory circuit; ionisation sets in, a discharge occurs, and energy passes through another valve into other oscillators. The process is repeated from the first stage on to the second stage, on to the third and so on, much like a bucket brigade. That is why I asked years ago, "Cannot a steady flow of water be obtained from the waves of the sea or energy from the vibrations of the cosmos?"
When a vibration of any kind strikes a boundary between two media of different vibratory impedances at an angle of less than 90 degrees, a transformation of the vibratory rate may be changed into another vibratory rate. The Radiant Energy device therefore will continue to capture energy by resonance, or call it what you will, as long as the "keep alive" vibration of the cosmos continues to oscillate the various stages of the valves and oscillators in the circuit. Simple, is it not? Just a case of the trapping of energy which is everywhere present in the primary circuit and causing it to oscillate through the secondary circuits through a blocked circuit of no return.
Our experiments have proved that there is an energy which exists in the universe which, by proper development of equipment, can be made available for commercial use.
Such an energy transformer or converter has been built. It has been operated, at full load continuously with no expenditure of fuels of any type, without a mechanical prime mover, kept alive by the oscillations of the energies from the cosmos; an energy converter, or transformer, which would be capable of converting the high frequency, high level energy of the cosmic radiation into current of usable frequency and voltage.
Basically the theory of operation is as follows:
Oscillations are started in the first stage or circuit of the device by exciting it with an external energy source.
The circuit is "tuned" until the oscillations are sustained by harmonic coupling to the cosmic wave frequencies.
The reinforcing action of the harmonic coupling increases the amplitude of the oscillations until the peak pulses "spill" over into the next stage through a special detector or valve which prevents the return or feedback of energy from succeeding circuits.
These "pulses" drive this stage, which oscillates at a lower frequency and is again reinforced by harmonic coupling with the ever present cosmic waves.
The second stage drives a third stage, and additional stages are coupled until a suitable power level at a useable frequency and voltage is obtained by means of special transformers.
The specific information on Moray's system is very limited, especially since his patent application has been removed. The diagram above and the diagram below have been reproduced from what is alleged to be the notes from which the patent application was composed. These notes are not very clear both in wording and in the quality of reproduction, however, the diagrams shown here are an attempt to show clearly anything which is reasonably certain in those diagrams.
If it is correct that the rotatable arm only contacts one of the two inner pellets, then the reason for those outer bismuth pellets must be as an indirect part of the valve. So, this section of the case is an arrangement of the metal of the case, tin, bismuth and five junctions between different materials, not counting the contact arm. One of the two inner pellets is made of purified germanium with the addition of very small amounts of a doping material. Iron Sulphide (FeS), Molybdenum Sulphide (MoS), Bismuth, Uranium and Silver have been mentioned as possible doping agents. Another material mentioned is Lead which has had it's structure altered by the process described in Moray's patent US 2,460,707. The pellets are said to be produced under high pressure.
From this it can be seen that we do not have anything remotely like the full information on Moray's system. However, there are a number of important things which we can learn from this. Firstly, using just a good earthing connection and an aerial of just ninety feet (30 m) or so in length suspended only some eight feet off the ground, it is possible to draw significant current from the environment. The photograph shows 35 light bulbs being lit by Moray and that is a substantial amount of power. It is unlikely that we will be able to reproduce Moray's exact method of extracting power, but it is highly unlikely that his method is the only possible way of achieving efficient power extraction. So, if we experiment with the components and materials to hand today, it is distinctly possible that we could extract major amounts of power from a relatively small aerial wire positioned at quite a convenient height above the ground, and a good quality earth.
Moray's book "The Sea of Energy in which the Earth Floats" can be downloaded as a free 64-page eBook from here
Čo sa tu píšu také hlúposti. Veď z takého natiahnutého drôtu sa napája kryštálový prijímač v ktorom je malá, slabá dióda a slúchadlá. A v článku sa píše o kV kilovoltoch a kW.
ReplyDelete